# Qualitative Research Designs and Approaches (Module 6)

**Channel:** Chanell Jan Concepcion
**Source:** https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuvGIzgsy3E
**Transcript page:** https://www.withtranscript.ai/video/HuvGIzgsy3E

## Chapters

- 0:01 — Introduction to Qualitative Research
- 2:14 — Evidence Hierarchies and Research Value
- 7:08 — Philosophical Roots of Qualitative Inquiry
- 11:38 — Purpose and Features of Qualitative Research
- 19:14 — Planning Qualitative Research Projects
- 26:37 — Phenomenology and Lived Experience
- 34:19 — Phenomenology: Husserl, Heidegger, Van Manen
- 45:19 — Ethnography and Cultural Understanding
- 55:21 — Grounded Theory and Social Processes
- 58:10 — Narrative, Case Study, and Action Research

## Transcript

**[0:01]:** this is dr chanel concepcion and in this module we will be talking about qualitative research designs and approaches this is part of our lecture series on nursing research for the past weeks we have been learning about quantitative research and hit a little bit of snippet of qualitative research but this time we dig a little bit deeper into qualitative research and it is my hope that you will have a new appreciation of this method and its value in the nursing research and also nursing profession

**[0:39]:** in previous lessons we have differentiated quantitative from qualitative research and i think this is an illustration that depicts the contrast between quantitative methods and qualitative methods as you can see quantitative methods is concerned with numbers and making inferences or understanding the behavior or the phenomenon through statistics whereas qualitative methods you are digging deeper into just the not not just the numbers but looking at the what yeah for example this person is asking what did you feel when you saw the free ice cream and also digging deeper into the why so you one of a stark contrast between quantitative and qualitative research is their approach to knowledge generation of course a deductive approach is aimed at testing a theory creating a hypothesis and doing several observations to confirm or reject the hypothesis and to strengthen or have some recommendation about the theory whereas in the qualitative approach it is more inductive in that it is concerned

**[1:54]:** with a generation of new theory that is emerging from the data from the observations looking at patterns and maybe later on you can you can come up with a hypothesis or there would be an theory that would emerge from the data that you have collected

**[2:14]:** so we have discussed this in previous um lessons the contrast between quantitative and qualitative research but let's just refresh our memory about the qualitative research approaches we've talked about how that this is inductive the goal is the depth of the data and generating hypothesis or a theory not necessarily not all qualitative research with generator theory but some like grounded theory do the setting is natural sampling is not concerned with random but propositive your data collection would be probably interviews fgds observational tools and your data analysis would be iterative or interpretation and content analysis and of course if you merge the two that would be called a mixed method to some researchers including nursing scholars sometimes there is a debate between who is more superior is it the quantitative approach or the qualitative approach so the question who reigns supreme well that is sometimes difficult to answer but if we are to look at this evidence-based

**[3:26]:** hierarchy we cannot escape the fact that the the tradition of science remains to be uniquely quantitative and the quantitative approach to research design has been justified by the success of measuring and analyzing replicating and applying knowledge gained from this paradigm so it's demonstrated in this evp pyramid the paramount in the ranking and the strength of evidence is the quantitative approach like your rct or your systematic review of rcts and if you can see the the qualitative research is down here close to the bottom single in-depth qualitative study so you can see maybe i would say a certain bias in terms of looking at ebp in a more towards quantitative researches however the joanna's briggs institute this is an international research organization based in australia that promotes and supports the use of evidence-based practice especially in the nursing field to inform the decisions at the point of care and different approaches to ranking evidences they presented

**[4:39]:** or proposed a different way of looking at evidences using their fame f-a-m-e framework f is first feasibility a is appropriateness m is meaningfulness e is effectiveness and e another e is economic evidence and if you look at meaningfulness and this is probably where the qualitative method would be more appreciated so they have different levels of evidence in terms of meaningfulness so you can see at the top here are qualitative or mixed methods systematic reviews and then you have the qualitative or mixed method synthesis and then the single qual qualitative study and then a different expert opinion down here at the bottom so they really appreciate or they really recognize that in terms of meaningfulness qualitative research has value so i always wanted to look at this in a in a more kind of a yin and yang fashion that the quantitative and qualitative research do not need to be at war with each other but

**[5:46]:** they can complement and they can work in harmony to generate understanding of some of the problems and issues that we face in the nursing research profession for example um i there was one time that we were working with georgetown university and usaid project about the the standardized method so they had collected really a lot of data for you know clinical trials to see if it's effectiveness but there was one question is what is the experience of the women using this this standard day's method so we cannot just look at it through the numbers so what um the usaid and georgetown did was when i was in de la salle university we took on the qualitative part and so we went to the women who used it and had focus group discussion so that we could have a deeper understanding of their experiences in using this method because later on they will be the end users

**[6:45]:** of this contraceptive or fertility control method so this is just an example of how the quantitative and the qualitative researchers could complement each other einstein said that not everything that can be counted counts and not everything that counts

**[7:08]:** can be counted so even with such a very brilliant mind and very highly statistical approach probably which he uses in his science you still recognize that some things cannot be counted and these are important things that matter in life and it's science um i really like to look at this quote by cranster he said early philosophers argued that human phenomenon could not and should not be reduced to mathematical formulas so this is why qualitative still has a place in research and in science thorn also said that the practice of qualitative research has expanded in clinical settings because empirical approaches have proven to be limited service in answering some of the challenging and pressing clinical questions especially where human subjectivity and interpretation are involved and many of the phenomena in nursing that we deal with uh as a human science are concerned with the the humanness aspect of a certain question issue or phenomenon so we

**[8:17]:** cannot just limit the to quantitative researches alone so what do we really want as nurses we wanted to to grasp the lived experience of the patients or the clients we care for we want to enter into the world of our patients and our clients so that we can understand we can have better understanding and empathy towards them and we need to understand the basic social processes that illuminate human health and illness events that's one of our aims so these things cannot be answered just by quantitative methodologies alone so to understand the philosophical underpinning of qualitative research we have to go back to rene descartes renee descartes view of science was long held as the only approach to new knowledge and his ideas were grounded in objective reality he believes that there is a reality out there and we have to understand it but of course you know many of the realities in life and in

**[9:22]:** nursing and in health sciences could not be explained by just understanding or explaining cause and effect so came in kent he was questioning the fundamental nature of reality as seen through rene descartes's lens or the cartesian lens kat proposed that perception was more than an active observation for him his reality was not explained by cause and effect and he erased the issue about supporting the notion that nature is not independent of thought or reason what was observed therefore was not the only reality so he in a way kat was really um kind of cultivating the soil for qualitative research

**[10:14]:** so gaining ground from kant's um thoughts many of the scientists questioned whether empiricism or positivism was the only way to gain knowledge so to further catch proposition came the german scientists edmund husserl and heidegger and they developed this idea of self self-conscious reality and freedom so the movement of phenomenology started to to arise from from this um from kant's thinking later on there's this american scientist called thomas kuhn and he was the first one who really um explained paradigm shift and he was saying he was kind of challenging the way we look at the science he's looking at he said there's anomalies in the way um a way of looking at a certain phenomenon so he he proposed that we need to have a paradigm shift especially in the discipline specific method of solving a puzzle or problems and viewing human experiences structuring reality so there was a change in the world being the way of viewing a phenomenon in the world so he he also introduced that there's not just um you know the positivistic way of

**[11:29]:** looking at things we have to look at things in in a more natural historicist perspective

**[11:38]:** so if you look at causality we talked about how quantitative research is concerned mainly special experimental research between the cause and effect so um some people would say that you know causality and qualitative they don't mat they don't really belong to the same domain okay so when you say causality cause and effect that is the domain of quantitative research but there are also others that argue that causal explanation is a legitimate pursuit of qualitative research and it's well suited to understand causal relationship and sometimes because of the deep explanation of certain phenomena we can have insights on the cost of why things happen the way they do so depending on in-depth understanding meaning context and process that qualitative researchers can provide so this could be certain arguments but mainly qualitative research uh the goal is not really to prove a cause and effect of phenomenon so what is qualitative research of course qualitative methods are

**[12:45]:** often employed to answer the whys and hows of human behaviors opinion and experience so let's go into looking deeply into qualitative research now the purpose and focus of qualitative research it's interested in understanding the meaning people have constructed and how people make sense of their world and the experiences that they have in the world so here it's not concerned about what is causing a or b the cause and effect or the association of variables this is really getting a deeper understanding of the being of people the meaning that people have in their experiences so what does it mean to think qualitatively we are looking at the meaning of an experience of a phenomenon maybe of somebody who's going through a certain disease and one of the things that i really like like about qualitative research is it's giving voice to the people it's allowing your participants your respondents to talk about their experience and you're

**[13:53]:** seeing through their eyes and it's also giving yourself a voice because you cannot dissociate your your your feelings your bias your interpretation from the data that you're collected that you're collecting and the assumption is what do we do with it and it's more holistic you're not just looking at the numbers or one aspect of a phenomenon or a condition but you're looking at it in a more holistic manner you're engaging in the world of others and as a researcher you need to have that art of listening so let's look into the qualitative research approaches and the designs um each of the design and qualitative research they have there have they all have their uniqueness but there are also common features that cut across qualitative research designs and sometimes even the boundaries within each of the research tradition could be blurred because they share some of this characteristic but some of the common features for qualitative

**[15:00]:** research design is that the frameworks are not used the same as quantitative research that's pretty obvious and of course like we said the goal is not testing a theory and each study should be guided by a particular philosophical stance of course except for those just the generic descriptive qualitative research one of the things that is also common in qualitative research design is what you call emergent design so it emerges in the as the field unfolds it's not like when you make a qualitative research you just say okay i'm going to make a phenomenology or i'm going to make an ethnography sometimes it starts with a question and when you look at the question you will have to be thinking about you know what is the best methodology that is suited for this maybe you start to plan one certain methodology and later you would say this is not the best way to answer the question

**[15:55]:** so it could change or the design could emerge as you go deeper into your data or looking at or observing from the natural setting so the qualitative design could be flexible this is also even in the methodology and the steps of doing a qualitative research um there are suggestions for many authors in qualitative books like you do this first second third fourth but sometimes like mon hall was saying it's it is not like step by step approach it could be a step wise because you could do step number one number two number three and you think you need to go back to number one again because there is something in your data that suggests that you need to go back a kind of iterative process and then maybe you need to go to number four five and then go back to number two again so this is what you call there's a flexibility or stepwise

**[16:47]:** approach especially in its procedure still there is a need to plan for the broad contingencies that post-decision opportunities for study design in the field it doesn't mean that qualitative research say okay let's just see what happens here and there's no planning we need to still look at you know some contingency measures and still do certain planning so what are the things that we plan for first is we need we have to make sure that um before we do planning we have to look at the characteristics of qualitative research design so um we have to be like we said it's flexible okay if there's a new information then we need to be able to to adjust our our design our process systems procedures based on new information um there's holistic understanding okay as a whole and sometimes there is a need to merge different data collection strategies for example you're doing an interview right now and

**[17:47]:** you think that you know you need to do you know maybe a focus group discussion or you need to also do observation while you're doing focus group discussion so sometimes there's different merges or um you know uh intermingling of data collection strategies or when you're doing a qualitative research the researcher is the tool and this is very important in qualitative research you are the tool so as a researcher you get intensely involved if it's a big research institutional research for example you may have you know research assistant but as the main researcher you need to be really immersed into the phenomenon that you are studying and it's an ongoing analysis of data when you move forward you look at the data you it's not like in quantitative research where you collect the data and after you collect the data then you analyze it and that's it but in qualitative research often you collect the data

**[18:49]:** for example one or two interviews you analyze it and then you say how do i move forward and then you you collect more data and analyze it again and then maybe say do i have saturation or do i have enough information are there new informations that i'm gathering so sometimes the data would dictate especially in in grounded theory your data will dictate how you would move forward

**[19:14]:** so some of the common features is the philosophical stance okay so when you say philo philosophical stance is it directs the question that are asked it's always good to be able to um identify what is your philosophical stance just for for example which i will talk about more later on because it directs the question that you're asking okay and then it also directs in how you will make your observation and how you would interpret your data the philosophical stance the philosophy that comes with a research method or the research tradition that you've chosen will always be at the back of your mind when you do when you know your research question when you do your data collection and when you analyze your data what do we include when we plan for a qualitative research project the first thing we need to do is to select a broad inquiry framework or tradition because this will guide

**[20:14]:** your decision about what to do next how you would do your data collection how you would frame your questions and how you would analyze your data for example you have decided to do phenomenology so you have to understand what is phenomenology what kind of phenomenological approach do you want is it more descriptive hermeneutic interpretive and this will guide you throughout your study you also need to be able to know how much time do you have because you know qualitative research is could be an iterative process and it could take years on and on if you don't know when is the end point and when is the time you will say okay i have enough data to answer my research question do you have half a year the whole year or many years and then there's no time limit for you to do this qualitative research some people say that oh i don't want to do

**[21:10]:** qualitative research because it takes a long time it really depends you have to plan it well and with the time constraints or the time limitations that you have in mind the cost that's something you have to to think about the constraints you also need to think about your data collection strategy if you know your framework you could have an idea what data collection method you would use but you also need to know that maybe from the data that you've collected you may need to have other data collection strategies that you need to employ so for example in triangulation after you collect your data and after you analyze them you would say okay i need to have another different strategies to confirm my data or to validate my data you also need to look at collecting relevant materials maps organizational charts if that's needed you also need to probably look at what equipment do you have

**[22:10]:** recorder video recorder and other things that you need for your data collection and you have to have what you call reflexivity identifying personal biases views and supposition vis-a-vis your phenomenon in phenomenology later on in descriptive phenomenology we'll talk about bracketing but even though it's not descriptive phenomenology it's really important to really sit down and say okay what do i know about this topic or this phenomenon that i'm going to study i'm going to write it down sometimes we keep a journal and we'll say i just write it down so that i will have i will acknowledge what i know what are my biases what are my points of view in approaching this research so this is just a graphical um illustration of what you need to do when you plan a qualitative research we talked about understanding what is your research approach knowing your philosophical stance understanding your background your beliefs your biases you have

**[23:10]:** to write it down you have to acknowledge it looking at the broad data collection strategy how would you do your sampling and how you will approach your data analysis so um let's go to different qualitative research design we don't probably have time to go through all of these but i will just look at phenomenology ethnography ground in theory and have a very short discussion about the other qualitative designs like case study descriptive qualitative narrative inquiry and action research so if you look at qualitative research i talked about philosophical science or research tradition this is something that we need to understand and although nursing does not really have cannot claim to have its own research tradition where we borrow different research traditions from different disciplines for example anthropology and the discipline of anthropology their domain is culture and the research tradition that they use as is ethnography or ethnoscience and here they're looking at the holistic

**[24:18]:** view of cultures right mapping the cognitive world of cultures and the culture uh shared meanings so um leinenger was actually trained as an uh an anthropologist so when uh when she came back to nursing she said we need to have ethno nursing so that you know we can have our own research tradition in nursing but it's still based on anthropology or ethnography now in the psychology and philosophy field the domain is the lived experience so these are the research designs phenomenology hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenography this is another research approach so the area of inquiry you're looking at the lived experience of individuals looking at the life worlds we will discuss that later on interpretations and meanings of individuals experiences differences in the ways in which people experience or think about a phenomenon okay so this this has roots in psychology and philosophy in psychology you have the domain is behavior we have ethology echo ecological

**[25:31]:** psychology we don't really use this much in nursing in sociology we do a lot of this social settings and interactions there's a lot of nursing research that is bound in ground in theory and also the other research designs for ethnic methodology and semiotics here you're looking at social structures the manner in which shared agreements is achieved and the social setting manner by which people make sense of social interactions this one is more domain social linguistics is more domain of human communication and there are some nursing research that are also borrowing from the history tradition they're looking at past behaviors events and conditions this is historical research and the area of domain is description and interpretation of historical events so this is just to give us an understanding of the uh re the research tradition based on certain disciplines and nursing has adapted to many of these disciplines okay let's go to the specific qualitative research

**[26:37]:** design and let's start with a very famous phenomenology okay so what do phenomenologists believe phenomenologists believe that human experience is meaningful and interesting so you need to be in the world being in the world or embodiment is a concept that acknowledges people's physical ties to their world so they are concerned with how people think how people see their their experiences what they hear how they feel and how how they're conscious of their body's interaction with the world around them so the questions that phenomenological researchers ask is what is the essence this is important the essence of the phenomenon as experienced by these people and they're also concerned with the meaning what does it mean okay and assume that there is what you call an essence the essence is it's an essential invariant structure that can be understood

**[27:42]:** phenomenology is actually see can be seen in two as two things it's a philosophy and it's and and it's also a methodology it started as a philosophy we talked about husserl and heidegger you know um having this philosophy uh streaming from kant's um question of reality and how we view reality but later on it has evolved into a phenomenology um that a lot of researchers use so phenomenology is a science whose purpose is to describe particular phenomenon or the appearance of things as lived okay so let's i'll show you a video about phenomenology to help us understand what phenomenology is welcome to an explainer on phenomenology at its most basic phenomenology is the study of lived experience as its name suggests phenomenology is concerned with the study of phenomena that arise from the experience of being in the world the development of modern phenomenology established by edmund husserl in the early 20th century was a

**[28:54]:** break from the cartesian system that pitch stark distinctions between the outer real reality and the individual experience of reality following the cartesian principle outer reality is a separate and distinct entity that can only be understood in rational terms through cognitive processes of deduction sense perception was thought to distort this process and certainly emotions were considered a lower form of experience emanating from the recesses of the body in contrast phenomenology seeks to understand the outside world as it is interpreted by and through human consciousness ontologically speaking that means speaking in terms of how philosophers understand the nature of being and existence hughsearle purported that reality could be grasped by and through structures of consciousness by applying what he called intentionality to the object of study or intentionally directing one's focus to describe realities for hugh cirl to achieve deeper understanding of an object of study a researcher could quarantine their personal judgments a process called bracketing

**[30:12]:** so that preconceived notions do not interfere with the phenomenological inquiry it is at this point that martin heidegger's approach breaks with hugh cell's process in fact heidegger was very critical of hugh cell's phenomenology where hugh cell sought to capture objects of study as graspable entities that could be objectively studied heidegger employed the notion of design the situated meaning of a human in the world for heidegger consciousness is a product or construction of the historical context from which it arises and in turn one can never approach an object of study in a pre-suppositionless form that is objects of study cannot be neatly separated from their contexts nor should they be reality and consciousness are co-creations and because of this human understanding always arises from the relationship between the two acting upon each other thank you for watching

**[34:19]:** okay so you have seen that there are two main authors or thinkers in the phenomenological um movement uh edmund husserl and martin heidegger so um husserl was looking he is the intellectual founder of phenomenological philosophy and if you really look at his background he was a physicist he studied astronomy and also mathematics and he was a student of france brentano so um he he believes in descriptive philosophy the essences of pure experiences a first methodological principle is not only knowledge derived from immediate experiential evidence can be accepted so his philosophy is if you want to get data it's not really looking at the research but you can derive the knowledge from the person who experienced the phenomenon so some some books say that heidegger was a student of hospital but actually they were never really you know like a student-teacher relationship but they were in the same university and they were kind of there's some

**[35:33]:** uh informal mentorship and um hostile was looking at heidegger to be the kind of successor in his um descriptive phenomenology but you can see in in that video we have seen that uh there were differences in their opinion about phenomenology so um heidegger is the most significant and gifted philosopher of the 20th century and this uh he was a german and started theology and later he turned into philosophy mathematics and also physics so the focus he said is not in the knowledge of the phenomenon but the meaning of their being so he wrote the book being in time and he is concerned with phenomenology in terms of the being in this world and the concept of time so phenomenology means to let that which shows itself to be seen from itself in the very way in which it shows itself from itself it's very difficult to to understand but this is a philosophical stance that

**[36:36]:** martin heidegger believes in so um they talk about design the human way of being in the world and it's derived from hospitals phenomenology modified critiqued and hermeneutic and interpretive in nature so later on after this german phenomenological movement the french phenomenologist emerged and these are paul sartre existential phenomenology maurice uh merlou ponti has embodiment phenomenology hans george gattimer went into hermeneutic phenomenology paul riku critical phenomenology so the french kind of embodied and had a different derivative especially from from martin heidegger's phenomenological um tradition so if you look at phenomenology if you read a lot of the nominological works there's different uh variations but if you look at it started with a german we have to understand that the germans hostile and heidegger were the first one who um who started this this movement and then the french like you said uh uh started to emerge like sartre marlupante gatimer raku and um many of their

**[37:47]:** works is influenced by a heidegger okay and then there's the um the dutch and some of the north americans also created their kind of a variant of um phenomenology so there's georgie collisi vancam they are more aligned with hostels descriptive phenomenology and then the utrecht van manen and then the american uh the nurse mon hal and banner are nurses who subscribe more to hermeneutic phenomenology or heidegger's tradition of phenomenology so let's look at one of the types of phenomenology which is descriptive and one of the distinguishing factor of descriptive phenomenology is bracketing so bracketing is the process of identifying and holding and obeying preconceived beliefs and opinions about the phenomenon under study so this is what hossaro really thinks about that there should be bracketing so that it will not be a bias or it will not contaminate the phenomenon that you are you are studying so bracketing helps to remove influences that can block

**[38:58]:** access to the meaning of a phenomenon but this is where heidegger and husserl collide because heidegger does not believe that there is bracketing okay so for descriptive phenomenology these are the four steps you need to do a bracketing so this is this can be done through reflective journaling you write in the journal and write all your biases your preconceived ideas it doesn't mean you have to eliminate them but you just have to recognize them put them somewhere in your reflexive journal and then there's intuiting being open to the meaning so when you're collecting the data you need to have an open mind and then analyzing so when you have all the transcripts you extract the themes and then you cluster them until you come to the meaning or to uh take kind of the description of the phenomenon and then there is the describing describing the phenomenon based on the themes and clusters that you

**[39:51]:** have identified so colliding is very of popular in terms of descriptive phenomenology and um this is very common in husserlian phenom in in certain phenomenology using the coliseum method so when you collect the data you need to transcribe the data and from the transcript you identify significant statements because let's say you have pages and pages of data there but you only extract the significant statement so from the significant statements you will try to see what are the formulated meanings aggregation of the formulated meanings and then you categorize cluster two themes and then try to collapse them so it's integrating all the result ideas and then after you have clustered all the themes you have to have an exhaustive description of the phenomenon so this is reduction of the exhaustive description and then you will come up with the fundamental structure of the phenomenon and then you need to have member check you return to the

**[40:53]:** participants to validate the description that is fundamental and the structure of the phenomenon that you are studying so essentially this is the kalisi method so uh the interpretive phenomenology or hermeneutic phenomenology is uh aligned with heidegger's philosophy okay the question here is what is being he's stressed interpreting and understanding not describing human experience for heidegger when you are describing something you are actually interpreting you cannot dissociate interpretation and understanding in your description okay so live experience is inherently an interpretive process so you can see a lot of um discussion about hermeneutic circle when it comes to hermeneutic or interpretive phenomenology so one understands the whole of a text for example a transcribed interview in terms of its parts and the parts in terms of the whole so the researcher enters into a dialogue with the text and continually questions its meaning so some this could be just a um uh kind of illustration of what

**[42:10]:** the hermenotic circle is all about for example you have your transcribed text from the interview so you look at it as a whole you try to contextualize look at the experience look at the parts integrate it again look at the experience so it's kind of going back and forth it's an iterative process until you will really understand and get into the meaning of the phenomenon that you're studying so the utrecht school of phenomenology um one of the famous um founders here is max van manen and i use facts van manning in my dissertation so uh he said that hermeneutic phonology tries to be attentive to both terms of its methodology it is descriptive because it's phenomenological methodology because it wants to be attentive to how things appear it wants to let them speak for themselves so it is also interpretive or hermeneutic methodology because it claims that there is no such thing as an uninterpreted

**[43:06]:** phenomenon so van manen subscribes to what we call the life worlds originally there are only four life worlds but he added another dimension which is materiality so corporeality is the lived body what ben madden thinks about is when there's an experience these five dimensions can explain what the experience is all about so it's about your body your lived body for example let's talk about a cancer all right so cancer will talk about the pain that you go through the physical pain you go through that's corporeality another dimension is lived relations or relationality when you have cancer how do you relate with your family member how do you relate to your friends and and the people that take care of you there is a relational dimension there temporality is about time time is not just the sequence or how long something takes but what is your view of time when you have the disease for example

**[44:04]:** you know about your mortality for example so you look at time in a different way in a different dimension you experience it in a different dimension spatiality is live space so when you are for example and when you're taking your infusion your chemotherapy what does the room feel like that's spatiality and materiality or your attachment to things for example when you're going through chemotherapy you need to have your special blanket with you because it adds meaning to your experience so this is how van maanen and even manhall subscribes to the life worlds when you're talking about the experience of a person so i'm just this is just a sample of my dissertation and i was using van maanen's hermeneutic phenomenology and i was looking at being cared for by chinese nurses in beijing the lived experience of non-chinese patients this is an example of a hermeneutic phenomenological research so the other branch of um hermeneutic

**[45:04]:** phenomenology is interpretive phenomenological analysis ipa you can see this in in many books and in many research articles the focus is the subjective experience of person their life worlds and there are three key principles to that it investigates

**[45:19]:** the phenomenon of experience which is similar to other phenomenological researches it requires intense interpretation and engagement with the data obtained from the person and examines it in detail now ethnography let's look at ethnography so ethnography is the domain of anthropology it provides a framework for studying meanings patterns experiences defined by a cultural group so here the focus is the culture of a group and the assumption is that every human group evolves culture that requires members to view the world and the way they structure their experiences it doesn't mean you have to to study indigenous peoples only you can study a subculture or an organizational culture institutional culture so the aim here is to learn from rather than study the members of a cultural group and these two terms are very very important when you look at ethography emic and etik so amick is the insider's view the way the members of the culture envision the

**[46:22]:** world the ethic is kind of the outsider's view interpretation of the experience of that culture but as researchers strive to get into a cultural experience that members do not talk about or may not even be consciously aware of but if you're an ethnographer you try to get into the emic perspective you want to be an insider participant in their culture so you will understand um their experiences and their culture so a field work is very important in ethnography how the novel comes to understand the culture um the ethnographic text uh how the culture is communicated and portrayed um madeleine linenger one of the theorists created an ethnic nursing he he was she was um what he called a schooled in the ethnographic or anthropologic field and he said she said that the study analysis of local indigenous people's viewpoints beliefs and practices about nursing care behavior and process of a decimated culture and created this

**[47:31]:** which called trans-cultural nursing movement but what my madeleine linenger wanted is to marry care and culture okay and using a unique methodology called ethan nursing to look at culture care this is uh my phd student dr carrell joy rio and i guided her in her ethno nursing studies she looked at um the culture care beliefs and practices of the ayannas in all the wishes in ifagao and she looked at the pregnancy and childbirth experiences and you can see that she really spent a lot of time she was uh she was a nurse or community health nurse before and she came back to study and do this ethno-nursing study there so you can see here how she looked at the different positions i mean giving birth standing pulling all of these from that culture and these are just examples of what she she got from from that ethno-nursing study other types of ethnography there's institutional ethnography

**[48:37]:** and a video reflexive ethnography and this this here's an example of a video ethnography here and also ethnography let's let's try to look at this one um and it is uh in a health care setting which is kind of

**[49:00]:** interesting at the care management institute we're all about making care as good as it can possibly be for kaiser permanente's members we've found that to succeed in that work we absolutely need to hitch ourselves to our patients and their experience and their voices to help guide us in the work we need to do unfortunately we can't always have all our patients in the room with us while we plan and execute that improvement work what we found we can do though is use a set of tools that we call video ethnography to learn from our patients experience by going out observing them interviewing them capturing their patient experience in video then distilling it down into a set of key messages that summarize and motivate our teams in understanding what we need to accomplish to make that system the one we want it to be ethnography is a form of social science that's been around for a

**[49:54]:** really long time anthropologists sociologists have been doing ethnography where you interview people you observe people in their natural setting and try and understand their experience their culture what really matters to them and make sense of all of that what we're doing at kaiser permanente is we're coupling that ethnographic work that's social science with video as a way to really understand our member needs and use that insight and understanding to drive quality improvement and and to get breakthrough performance in the organization we go to the bedside and we ask them questions that no one normally asks them what can we do differently what can we do better what matters to you this is about us the leadership of kaiser permanente the care management institute really wanting to understand what your experience is whether you're patient you're a physician or your nurse and how we can do the right thing they've taken the time to step back

**[50:57]:** and say you know let's listen to them you know how do i um what is it that i'm doing is working what is it that i'm doing is not working

**[55:21]:** okay it's a really interesting way to do ethnography now grounded theory ground theory it's an inductive research technique developed for health related topics and it was authored or started by glacier and straws and then it emerged from the discipline of sociology so grounded means the theory developed from the research is grounded or it has roots in the data from which it is derived so it doesn't mean that you you are going to test the theory but your theory is from the data is grounded is based on the data that you collected in your research study so i don't have to go through this but the philosophical underpinnings of grounded theory are from the straw post positive view glacier's positive view and from glacier glaci charmaz was a student of glaciers so it assumes that relativism of multiple social realities recognize mutual creation of knowledge by the viewer and the viewed so if you look at

**[56:19]:** the different versions of grounded theory glacier theory should emerge by constant comparison and this is a very important concept in grounded theory it should not be forced but it should emerge for straws and corbin corbin as a nurse they looked at it as a pers prescriptive do and develop category for charmander's more constructive grounded theory categories and theory co-constructed by the researcher and respondent or is more constructivist attends to language and action examines how experience is constructed and structures are erected and many of the nursing research adapt this mostly these three versions of grounded theory so one of the things that is very important in granted theory is constant comparison so it's used to develop and refine theoretical theoretically relevant categories so you look at data collection note-taking coding memory and then compare it with another set of data okay so it goes goes on you can constantly compare one data set to another so

**[57:27]:** you can see here there is no ground and no theory and ground in theory but you can see that it is inductive process there's positivism it goes back there's constant comparison until you're able to look at the constructs that could be used for a uh constructing a theory so decision making during uh this is just an example of a grounded theory decision making during trial of labor after caesarean a qualitative study with gynecologists so um usually you can you will notice that grounded theory is looking at processes social processes and many uh like for example charmaz says you have to use gerund gerund are like words ending in ing right the decision making or more

**[58:10]:** on action so they're looking at certain processes that's one of this distinguishing factor of ground theory narrative analysis or narrative intro one of my students got used this in his dissertation and it focuses on storytelling he was talking about grit okay grit among nurses as an object of inquiry to examine how individuals make sense of the events in their life so the narrative analysts explore form as well as con content and asking why was the story told that way okay so this is um the framework that my student dr richard um sullivan made in his narrative inquiry the voices of grief experiences of nurses working long term in philippine hospitals this is just an example of a narrative inquiry in nursing case study is also a different um design it's an in-depth investigation of a single entity it could be one person or it could be a small number of entities or it could be

**[59:14]:** a group but it has a singular um concern which could be individual family or institution or a situation in a social concept context this is an example of a case study research it's not distinctly a methodology this is a tip and many ethnographies focus on specific case as do many historical case studies so it could be incorporated in for example different kinds of methodology so other qualitative designs is a descriptive qualitative study it does not have a particular discipline or methodological roots it's still very valuable for example some of the some of the programs wanted to just have a qualitative understanding about a certain phenomenon or concern so they don't they're they're not so concerned about the research tradition but they just wanted to look at content analysis thematic analysis and more in-depth understanding of a concern or an issue so these are some of the research i don't have to go through this but

**[1:00:18]:** these are some of the researches that have ideological perspective like the action research okay so this is learning in action co-researchers not the research subject research with explicit purpose of creating change the emphasis is on the emotional as well as the analytical logic iterative again like just any qualitative research and there's a real time knowledge generation you might be you might hear this very often participatory action research like your copar in your community nursing it assumes that the participation and research for those affected by it democratizes research and therefore has a transformative potential so the par is specifically focused on the concerns and issues especially of the oppressed so this is just an example of a par project to learn about how best to support family carers and home-based end-of-life care so the project involved the development of a training program to enhance the knowledge and skills of volunteers and support workers who coordinate care

**[1:01:26]:** with a breed family and for usually participatory action research involves people in the community in the research process this is not a separate qualitative research design but this could be incorporated in many of the research design like phenomenology or ethnography which is the photo voice and you're using pictures to depict you know the experiences of people so this could be used this it could be a step or incorporated or aligned or mixed together with other qualitative research methodologies this is just example of a student my phd student who looked at the lived experience of loneliness understanding the older filipino men's live experience through photo voice so um she gave them a chance to take a picture of something that depicts their their loneliness as widows so that was our discussion about qualitative research design and before we end this lecture there's just some things that i want to share we enrich others and ourselves by

**[1:02:32]:** exploring qualitative research and that's one of the beauty of using qualitative research do not do not do research for the sake of doing research and you pursue research topics that advance the nursing profession no matter what the research design is if it's qualitative or quantitative our goal is always to advance the nursing profession thank you very much