13. Why Are People Different?: Differences

What. We've. Been. Talking. About. So. Far. In. The. Course. Are. Human. Universals. What. Everybody. Shares. So. We've. Been. Talking. About. Language. About. Rationality. About. Perception. About. The. Emotions. About. Universals. Of. Development. And. We've. Been. Talking. About. What. People. Share. But. Honestly. What. A. Lot. Of. Us. Are. Very. Interested. In. Is. Why. We're. Different. And. The. Nature. Of. These. Differences. And. The. Explanation. For. Them. And. That's. What. We'll. Turn. To. Today. So. First. We'll. Discuss. How. Are. People. Different. Different. Theories. About. What. Makes. You. Different. In. A. Psychological. Way. From. The. Person. Sitting. Next. To. You. And. Then. We'll. Review. Different. Theories. About. Why. People. Are. Different. And. This. Is. The. Class. Which. Is. Going. To. Bother. The. Most. People. It's. Not. Dualism. It's. Not. Evolution. It's. This. Because. The. Scientific. Findings. On. Human. Psychological. Differences. Are. To. Many. Of. Us. Shocking. And. Unbelievable. And. I. Will. Just. Try. To. Persuade. You. To. Take. Them. Seriously. Okay. So. How. Are. People. Different. Well. There's. All. Sorts. Of. Ways. Your. Sexual. Identity. It. Is. At. The. Core. Of. Your. Being. For. Almost. All. Of. Us. Whether. You're. Male. Or. Female. How. We. Refer. To. You. In. Language. What. Pronoun. We. Use. Is. Indexed. On. How. On. Your. Whether. You're. Male. Or. Female. And. Related. To. That. Though. Imperfectly. Is. Your. Sexual. Orientation. Who. You're. Attracted. To. The. Question. Of. Why. Some. Of. Us. Think. Of. Ourselves. As. Males. And. Others. As. Females. And. The. Question. Of. Why. Some. Of. Us. Would. Ideally. Want. To. Have. Sex. With. Males. Others. With. Females. Others. With. Both. And. Then. A. Few. Others. Who. Have. Harder. To. Define. Desires. Is. Such. A. Good. Question. That. We're. Going. To. Talk. About. It. After. Spring. Break. While. All. The. Sexual. Desire. Has. Been. Spent. And. You. Could. Focus. On. A. Scientific. Discussion. Of. This. Not. That. I. Recommend. You. Do. That. On. Spring. Break. How. Happy. Are. You. This. Is. Also. Such. A. Good. Topic. It's. Going. To. Get. Its. Own. Class. The. Very. Last. Class. Of. The. Semester. Is. Devoted. To. Happiness. The. Question. Of. What. Makes. People. Happy. Happiness. What. Makes. People. Unhappy. And. What. Makes. People. Differ. In. Their. Happiness. If. I. Asked. You. To. Rank. How. Happy. You. Are. From. A. Scale. Of. One. To. Ten. The. Numbers. Would. Differ. Across. This. Room. And. There's. Different. Theories. As. To. Why. Your. Success. And. Failure. In. Life. This. Is. Somewhat. Interesting. Because. You. Could. Study. This. In. More. Or. Less. Objective. Ways. We. Don't. Have. To. Ask. People. We. Could. Look. At. Your. Relationships. How. They. Begin. How. They. End. Your. Job. Satisfaction. We. Could. Look. At. Your. Criminal. Records. Some. Of. You. Are. Going. To. See. Time. Most. Will. Not. Some. Of. You. Will. Get. Into. Little. Troubles. All. Through. Your. Life. Some. Of. You. Already. Have. Seen. The. Inside. Of. A. Police. Station. Possibly. A. Lineup. Others. Couldn't. Go. Near. Such. A. Thing. What. Determines. That. And. At. The. Root. Of. All. Human. Differences. Are. Two. Main. Factors. And. So. I. Want. To. Talk. About. The. Two. Main. Interesting. Factors. One. Is. Personality. The. Other. Is. Intelligence. And. This. Is. What. These. Are. The. Differences. I'll. Talk. About. Today. First. From. The. Standpoint. Of. How. Do. We. Characterize. Them. How. Do. We. Explain. Them. And. Then. From. The. Standpoint. Of. Why. These. Differences. Exist. In. The. First. Place. One. Way. To. Characterize. Personality. Is. In. Terms. Of. People's. Style. In. Dealing. With. The. World. And. Particularly. Their. Style. With. Dealing. In. Dealing. With. Other. People. So. You. Take. A. Simple. Character. You. Know. Of. And. You. Could. Talk. About. That. Person's. Personality. You. Could. Talk. About. It. In. Terms. Of. Being. Impulsive. Irresponsible. Sometimes. Lazy. Good. Hearted. You. Could. Compare. That. Person's. Personality. With. Other. People's. Personality. Such. As. My. Colleague. Who. Gave. A. Talk. Last. Class. He's. Wonderful. He's. Responsible. And. Reliable. And. Very. Kind. And. Different. From. Homer. And. So. This. Difference. Is. A. Difference. In. Personality. Now. When. We. Talk. About. Personality. We're. Talking. About. Something. Else. Well. We're. Talking. About. A. Stable. Trait. Across. Situations. And. Time. So. If. All. Of. A. Sudden. The. Person. Next. To. You. Kind. Of. Smacks. You. In. The. Head. You. Might. Be. Angry. But. We. Wouldn't. Call. That. Personality. Because. That's. Something. That's. The. Result. Of. A. Situation. We'd. All. Feel. That. Way. In. That. Situation. It's. Personality. If. You. Walk. Around. All. The. Time. Angry. It'd. Be. A. Stable. Trait. It'd. Be. Something. You. Carry. Around. With. You. And. That's. What. We. Mean. By. Personality. Now. How. Do. We. Scientifically. Characterize. Differences. In. Personality. And. It's. A. Deep. Question. There's. Been. A. Lot. Of. Attempts. To. Do. So. Any. Assessment. Has. Any. Good. Assessment. Has. To. Satisfy. Two. Conditions. And. These. Are. Terms. Which. Are. Going. To. Show. Up. All. Over. Psychological. Research. But. It's. Particularly. Relevant. For. This. Sort. Of. Measure. One. Is. Reliability. Reliability. Means. There. Is. Not. Measurement. Error. And. One. Crude. Way. To. Think. About. Reliability. Is. A. Test. Is. Reliable. If. You. Test. The. Same. Person. At. Different. Times. And. You. Get. The. Same. Result. My. Bathroom. Scale. Is. Reliable. If. Whenever. I. Stand. On. It. It. Gives. Me. More. Or. Less. The. Same. Number. It's. Not. Reliable. If. It's. Off. By. Ten. Pounds. In. The. Course. Of. A. Day. Similarly. If. I. Give. You. A. Personality. Test. Now. And. It. Says. That. You're. Anxious. And. Defensive. And. Then. Give. It. To. You. Tomorrow. And. It. Says. You're. Calm. And. Open. Minded. It's. Not. A. Reliable. Test. So. Reliable. Is. Something. You. Could. Trust. Over. Time. Validity. Is. Something. Different. Validity. Is. That. Your. Test. Measures. What. It's. Supposed. To. Measure. So. Validity. Means. It's. Sort. Of. A. Good. Test. Forget. About. How. Reliable. It. Is. Does. It. Tap. What. You're. Interested. In. So. For. Example. Suppose. I. Determined. Your. Intelligence. By. The. Date. Of. Your. Birth. I. Figure. Out. What. Day. You're. Born. And. I. Have. A. Theory. That. From. That. Predicts. How. Smart. You. Are. That's. My. Intelligence. Test. The. Date. Of. Your. Birth. Maybe. People. Born. In. January. Are. The. Dumbest. People. Born. In. December. Are. The. Smartest. Is. That. I. Was. Born. On. Christmas. Eve. Is. That. A. Reliable. Test. Yes. It's. A. Wonderfully. Reliable. Test. I'll. Test. You. Today. I'll. Test. You. Tomorrow. I'll. Test. You. Next. Year. I'll. Test. You. The. Day. You. Die. I'll. Get. The. Same. Iq. Score. Is. It. A. Valid. Test. It's. A. Joke. It's. Absolutely. Not. A. Valid. Test. It. Has. Nothing. To. Do. With. Intelligence. But. You. Notice. These. Are. Two. Different. Things. Somebody. Can. Be. Reliable. But. Not. Valid. And. Something. Can. Be. Valid. And. Not. Reliable. Now. There. Are. No. Shortage. Of. Personality. Tests. You. Can. Get. Them. All. Over. The. Place. Including. On. The. Web. So. I. Took. One. Recently. I. Took. A. Which. Superhero. Are. You. And. It's. A. Series. Of. Questions. Determining. What. Superhero. You. Are. You. Could. Take. This. Yourself. If. You. Want. To. The. Same. Web. Page. By. The. Way. Offers. You. A. Test. In. Whether. You're. Hot. Or. Not. We'll. Discuss. That. Later. And. When. I. Did. This. It. Told. Me. I. Was. Batman. And. You. Are. Dark. Love. Gadgets. And. I. Vow. To. Help. The. Innocent. Not. Suffer. The. Pain. You. Have. Endured. Now. To. Be. Honest. Though. It's. Neither. Reliable. Nor. Valid. When. I. First. Did. The. Test. I. Came. Up. As. The. Incredible. Hulk. I. Then. Changed. My. Answers. A. Bit. And. Was. Wonder. Woman. And. Finally. Out. Of. Frustration. I. Carefully. Tailored. My. Answers. So. I. Would. Be. Batman. But. The. Fact. That. I. Can. Do. That. Well. Raises. Questions. About. Both. The. Reliability. Of. This. Measure. And. Its. Validity. Here's. An. Example. A. Real. World. Example. This. Is. In. Black. And. White. Form. A. Version. Of. The. Rorschach. Test. The. Rorschach. Inkblot. Test. How. Many. People. Have. Heard. Of. The. Rorschach. Test. Okay. Is. There. Anybody. Here. Who's. Actually. In. Any. Sort. Of. Situation. Taken. A. Rorschach. Test. Some. People. Scattered. In. A. Room. Have. Taken. Them. It. Was. Originally. Used. Only. For. Psychiatric. Cases. But. Then. Became. Extremely. Common. About. Eighty. Percent. Of. Clinical. Psychologists. Claim. To. Use. It. And. Most. Graduate. Programs. In. American. Psychological. Association. Who. Are. Accredited. Teach. It. Catholic. Seminaries. Use. It. For. People. Who. Want. To. Join. The. Seminary. It. Was. Invented. By. A. Guy. Named. Herman. Rorschach. He. Devoted. His. Entire. Life. To. The. Inkblot. Test. His. Nickname. When. He. Was. A. Teenager. I. Am. Not. Kidding. You. Was. Inkblot. And. The. Idea. Is. By. Looking. At. These. Inkblots. And. Then. Seeing. What. Somebody. Says. You. Get. Great. Insights. Into. The. Nature. Of. Their. Personality. Into. What. They. Are. Anybody. Want. To. Try. Come. On. Yes. What. Do. You. See. I. See. Two. People. Holding. Two. People. Holding. Hands. Pressed. Together. Very. Good. Anybody. Have. A. Different. Reading. Yes. And. Back. Yes. Yes. Dancing. Bears. Dancing. Bears. Okay. Good. Good. Okay. I. Got. To. Write. Your. Name. Down. Report. You. To. Help. No. Dancing. Bears. Dancing. Bears. Very. Good. Anybody. Else. One. Other. Yes. A. Man. In. A. Ski. Mask. A. Man. In. A. Ski. Mask. Well. It. Turns. Out. That. There. Are. Right. Answers. And. Wrong. Answers. To. The. Rorschach. Test. According. To. The. Test. And. This. Is. From. A. Real. Rorschach. Test. It. Is. Important. To. See. The. Blot. As. Two. Human. Figures. Usually. Females. Or. Clowns. Good. Work. Over. There. If. You. Don't. It's. Seen. As. A. Sign. That. You. Have. Problems. Relating. To. People. If. You. Want. To. Go. For. Cave. Entrance. Or. Butterfly. Or. Vagina. That's. Also. Ok. Now. The. Rorschach. Test. Is. Transcendently. Useless. It. Has. Been. Studied. And. Explored. And. It. Is. As. Useless. As. Throwing. Dice. It. Is. As. Useless. As. Tea. Leaves. Nonetheless. People. Love. It. And. It's. Used. All. Over. The. Place. It. Is. Used. For. Example. In. Child. Custody. Cases. If. You. Have. Broken. Up. With. Your. Partner. And. You. Guys. Are. Quarreling. Over. Who. Gets. To. Keep. The. Kids. You. Might. Find. Yourself. In. A. Shrink's. Office. Looking. At. This. And. In. Fact. This. Is. Why. They. End. Up. On. The. Web. There. Are. Services. There. Are. People. That. Have. Been. Kind. Enough. To. Put. On. The. Web. These. Inkblots. Including. The. Right. Answers. To. Them. But. They. Are. Worthless. As. Psychological. Measures. Can. We. Do. Better. Well. We. Probably. Can. Gordon. Alcourt. Did. A. Study. Where. He. Went. Through. The. Dictionary. And. Took. All. Of. The. Traits. That. He. Believed. To. Be. Related. To. Personality. And. He. Got. Eighteen. Thousand. Of. Them. But. What. Was. Interesting. Was. They. Weren't. Necessarily. Independent. Traits. So. The. Traits. Like. Friendly. Sociable. Welcoming. Warm. Hearted. Seemed. To. All. Tap. The. Same. Thing. So. Cattell. And. Many. Others. Tried. To. Narrow. It. Down. Tried. To. Ask. The. Question. In. How. Many. Ways. Are. People's. Personalities. Different. From. One. Another. How. Many. Parameters. Of. Difference. Do. You. Need. How. Many. Numbers. That. Would. Narrow. You. In. And. Say. What. Personality. You. Are. One. Approach. Was. From. Eysenck. Who. Claimed. There. Were. Just. Two. You. Could. Be. Somewhere. On. A. Scale. Of. Introverted. Extroverted. And. Somewhere. On. The. Scale. Of. Neurotic. And. Stable. And. Since. There's. Basically. Two. Types. Of. Traits. With. Two. Settings. For. Each. There. Are. Basically. Four. Types. Of. People. Later. On. He. Added. Another. Trait. Which. He. Described. As. Psychoticism. Versus. Non. Psychoticism. But. Crudely. Meant. Whether. You're. Aggressive. Or. Empathetic. And. Then. You. Have. Three. Traits. With. Two. Settings. Each. Giving. You. Eight. Types. Of. People. Later. On. Cattell. Dropped. It. Down. Into. Sixteen. Factors. So. These. Sixteen. Personality. Factors. Are. Are. Sixteen. Ways. People. Would. Differ. And. So. If. I. Ask. You. To. Describe. Your. Roommate. Along. These. Sixteen. Dimensions. You. Should. Be. Able. To. Do. So. More. Recently. People. Have. Come. To. The. Conclusion. That. Two. Or. Three. Is. Too. Few. But. Sixteen. Might. Be. Too. Many. And. There's. A. Psychological. Consensus. On. What's. Been. Known. As. The. Big. Five. And. The. Big. Five. Personality. Factors. Are. These. And. What. This. Means. Is. When. We. Talk. About. Each. Other. And. Use. Adjectives. The. Claim. Is. We. Could. Do. So. In. Thousands. Of. Different. Ways. But. Deep. Down. We're. Talking. About. One. Of. These. Five. Dimensions. This. Means. That. When. A. Psychological. Test. Measures. Something. About. Somebody. About. Their. Personality. If. It's. A. Good. Test. It's. Measuring. One. Of. These. Five. Things. And. It. Means. That. As. People. Interacting. With. One. Another. In. The. World. These. Are. The. Five. Things. That. We're. Interested. In. So. One. Of. Them. Is. Neurotic. Versus. Stable. Is. Somebody. Sort. Of. Nutty. And. Worrying. Or. Are. They. Calm. Extrovert. Versus. Introvert. Open. To. Experience. Versus. Close. To. Experience. Agreeable. Which. Is. Courteous. Friendly. Versus. Non. Agreeable. Rude. Selfish. And. Conscientious. Versus. Not. Conscientious. Careful. Versus. Careless. Reliable. Versus. Undependable. A. Good. Way. To. Think. About. These. Things. Is. In. Terms. Of. The. Word. Ocean. O. C. E. A. N. The. First. Letter. Captures. Openness. Conscientiousness. Extroversion. Agreeableness. And. Neuroticism. And. The. Claim. Is. Those. Are. The. Five. Fundamental. Ways. In. Which. People. Differ. From. One. Another. Well. Why. Should. We. Believe. This. Why. Should. We. Take. This. Theory. Seriously. Well. There's. Actually. Some. Evidence. For. Seems. To. Have. Some. Reliability. In. That. It's. Stable. Over. Time. So. If. You. Test. People. Over. Years. If. I. Test. Your. Personality. Now. On. The. Five. Traits. And. Test. You. Five. Years. From. Now. It. Will. Not. Have. Changed. Much. And. Once. You. Pass. The. Age. Of. Thirty. It's. Very. Stable. Indeed. If. You. Think. About. Your. Parents. And. Then. Give. Mom. And. Dad. A. Mental. Test. On. Where. They. Stand. On. Each. Of. The. Five. Traits. Ten. Years. From. Now. Mom. And. Dad. Will. Still. Be. There. It. Also. Seems. To. Get. Agreement. Across. Multiple. Observers. So. If. I. Ask. For. Each. Of. The. Five. Traits. If. I. Ask. Your. Roommate. What. He. Or. She. Thinks. Of. You. Then. They. Ask. Your. Professor. What. He. Or. She. Thinks. Of. You. And. Your. Mom. What. What. She. Thinks. Of. You. How. Would. Back. To. Gender. How. Would. They. Match. Up. They. Tend. To. Overlap. A. Lot. You. Walk. Around. And. You. Leave. And. Your. Personality. Leaves. A. Trail. In. The. Minds. Of. People. Around. You. And. This. Trail. Is. Characterized. In. Terms. Of. These. Five. Dimensions. Finally. It. Seems. To. Predict. Real. World. Behavior. If. This. Didn't. Have. Anything. To. Do. With. The. Real. World. You. Wouldn't. Be. Very. Happy. Calling. It. Valid. You. Wouldn't. Take. It. Seriously. As. A. Test. But. It. Does. So. Conscientiousness. How. You. Score. On. A. Conscientiousness. Scale. Relates. To. How. Faithful. You. Are. To. Your. Spouse. How. Open. You. Are. On. The. Psychological. Personality. Test. Relates. To. How. Likely. You. Are. To. Change. Your. Job. Extroverts. Look. People. In. The. Eye. More. And. Have. More. Sexual. Partners. Because. They're. Extroverts. So. These. Are. Real. Scales. The. Batman. Hulk. Wonder. Woman. Doesn't. Correspond. To. Anything. In. The. Real. World. But. Where. You. Stand. In. Each. Of. These. Five. Dimensions. Does. Seem. To. Capture. It. As. An. Example. Of. The. Agreement. By. The. Way. Somebody. Did. A. Study. Of. Several. Of. The. Characters. On. The. Television. Show. The. Simpsons. Because. They. Wanted. To. Find. Characters. Which. Everybody. Knew. And. He. Had. Thirteen. Subjects. Judge. These. Simpsons. And. Characters. On. Each. Of. The. Five. Dimensions. This. Is. Openness. Neuroticism. Conscientiousness. And. Extraversion. And. They. Found. Considerable. Agreement. And. This. Is. Actually. What. I've. Covered. Up. Is. The. Agreeableness. So. For. Those. Of. You. Who've. Never. Seen. A. Television. Show. This. Is. All. Going. To. Be. Confusing. But. Those. Of. You. Who. Have. Can. You. Guess. Which. Characters. Would. Be. Particularly. Agreeable. Anybody. Guess. Yeah. Flanders. Flanders. You. Are. Right. The. Most. Agreeable. People. Are. Flanders. And. Marge. Who. Would. Be. Not. So. Agreeable. Krusty. Is. Actually. Krusty. Is. A. Complicated. Case. But. Mister. Burns. But. Also. Where. Is. He. Oh. He's. Not. Nelson. Where's. Nelson. Anyway. There's. Nelson. You. Get. Strong. Consensus. That. Ned. Flanders. And. Marge. Simpson. Are. Highly. Agreeable. People. Six. Point. Two. Seven. And. Five. Point. Four. Six. While. Mister. Burns. And. Nelson. Are. Very. Low. Nelson's. The. Little. Kid. And. When. Trouble. Happens. He. Goes. Ha. Ha. And. That's. A. Psychological. Sign. For. Low. Agreeability. Okay. That's. All. I. Want. To. Say. At. This. Point. About. Personality. And. How. We. Measure. It. And. Again. We're. Going. To. Get. Back. To. It. Later. When. We. Talk. About. Differences. In. Personality. Now. I. Want. To. Deal. With. The. Second. Big. Difference. The. Second. Big. Difference. Is. Intelligence. Now. How. Do. You. Define. Intelligence. There's. No. Easy. Definition. Like. Personality. Difficult. To. Get. Your. Fingers. On. What. We're. Talking. About. Here. In. One. Survey. They. Asked. One. Thousand. Experts. To. Define. Intelligence. And. Some. Answers. Showed. Up. Over. And. Over. Again. So. Just. About. Everybody. Said. Intelligence. Involves. Abstract. Reasoning. Problem. Solving. And. The. Capacity. To. Acquire. Knowledge. That's. At. The. Core. Of. Being. Smart. Other. People. Mentioned. Things. Like. Memory. Mental. Speed. Language. Math. Mental. Speed. Again. Knowledge. And. Creativity. Also. As. Hallmarks. For. Intelligence. And. Again. It. Might. Be. Difficult. To. Define. It. But. You. Have. A. Gut. Feeling. About. What. It. Is. So. You. Know. Homer. Is. Actually. And. This. Is. Part. Of. The. Show. Is. Actually. Of. Limited. Intelligence. My. Colleague. Is. A. Very. High. Intelligence. Wonderful. Fellow. But. He's. Probably. Not. As. Smart. As. That. Guy. Who's. Like. Really. Really. Smart. And. This. Guy. Ralph. Whigham. Is. Particularly. Stupid. And. So. You. Have. A. Range. And. It's. Important. To. Figure. Out. How. To. Characterize. It. This. Is. What. Research. Does. But. There's. A. Gut. Feeling. That. There. Are. Some. People. Who. Are. Smart. And. Other. People. Who. Are. Very. Smart. And. Some. People. Who. Are. Dumb. And. Others. Who. Are. Very. Dumb. What. You. Want. To. Do. From. A. Scientific. Standpoint. Is. Is. Characterize. This. In. A. More. Robust. And. Interesting. Fashion. And. The. Textbook. Has. A. Nice. Review. Of. The. History. Of. Attempts. To. Define. And. Measure. Intelligence. But. There's. Just. A. Couple. Of. Ideas. I. Want. To. Focus. On. One. Is. An. Idea. Developed. By. Spearman. Which. Is. There's. Two. Types. Of. Intelligence. There. Is. G. And. There's. S. S. Is. Your. Ability. On. Specific. Tests. So. If. There's. Ten. Tests. That. You're. Given. As. Part. Of. An. Iq. Test. Ten. Subtests. You'll. Get. A. Different. Score. In. Each. Of. The. Subtests. There'll. Be. A. Math. Test. And. A. Reading. Test. And. A. Spatial. Test. And. You'll. Get. Different. Scores. G. Refers. To. A. General. Intelligence. And. The. General. Intelligence. Is. Something. You. Bring. To. Each. Of. The. Tests. In. Common. So. This. Is. Diagrammed. Here. You. Have. These. Six. Tests. For. Each. Of. Them. There. Is. An. S. And. Then. Above. That. There. Is. A. G. Now. G. Is. A. Very. Important. Notion. The. Term. G. Is. Used. By. Psychologists. A. Lot. Even. In. Casual. Conversation. People. Say. So. What. Do. You. Think. Of. Him. He. Has. High. G. And. What. You. Mean. Is. He's. A. Smart. Guy. Why. Do. You. Need. G. Well. You. Wouldn't. Need. G. If. Your. Performance. On. Each. Of. These. Tests. Had. Nothing. To. Do. With. Each. Other. If. The. Tests. Were. Genuinely. Separate. There'd. Be. No. General. Intelligence. But. What. People. Find. Over. And. Over. Again. Is. That. When. It. Comes. To. Explaining. People's. Performance. On. Multiple. Intellectual. Tasks. There's. Two. Things. Going. On. There's. How. Good. There. Is. They. Are. On. The. Specific. Task. But. Then. There's. Also. A. Sort. Of. General. Correlation. That. People. Bring. To. The. Tasks. And. I. Could. Express. This. With. An. Athletic. Analogy. Imagine. I'm. Running. A. Gym. And. We. Have. All. Of. These. Different. Athletic. Tests. So. We. Have. A. Running. Test. We. Have. A. Basketball. Shooting. Test. A. Swimming. Test. Fencing. List. Of. Ten. Of. Them. Now. Each. Of. You. Go. Through. Each. Of. The. Tests. And. Then. You'll. Each. Get. Ten. Scores. But. What. We'll. Discover. Is. That. The. Scores. Are. Not. Independent. Of. One. Another. People. Who. Are. Good. At. One. Athletic. Thing. Tend. To. Be. Good. At. Another. If. There's. Somebody. Who's. Really. Good. At. Running. And. Swimming. Odds. Are. They're. Probably. Pretty. Good. At. Climbing. And. The. Same. Thing. Holds. For. Iq. Which. Is. Above. And. Beyond. How. Good. People. Are. At. Specific. Things. There. Seems. To. Be. A. Factor. As. To. How. Well. They. Are. General. And. This. Factor. Is. Known. As. G. Now. There's. Again. An. Extensive. History. Of. Modern. Intelligence. Tests. And. What's. Really. Interesting. Is. The. Tests. Now. What. You. Need. To. Know. About. The. Modern. Tests. The. Wechsler. Test. For. Both. Adults. And. Children. Is. How. They're. Scored. The. Way. They're. Scored. Is. That. One. Hundred. Is. Average. So. It's. Just. Automatic. Whatever. The. Average. Is. Is. One. Hundred. It's. As. If. I. Did. The. Midterm. Graded. The. Midterm. Computed. To. Average. Gave. Everybody. Who. Got. The. Average. One. Hundred. Said. You. Score. Is. One. Hundred. It's. Just. The. Average. It. Works. On. A. Normal. Curve. And. What. This. Means. Is. That. It. Works. So. That. The. Majority. Sixty. Eight. Percent. Get. Between. Eighty. Five. And. One. Hundred. And. Fifteen. Under. Iq. Tests. The. Vast. Majority. Ninety. Five. Percent. Get. Between. Seventy. And. One. Hundred. And. Thirty. If. You. Are. Say. Above. One. Hundred. Forty. Five. Iq. Which. I. Imagine. Some. People. In. The. Room. Are. You. Belong. To. Zero. Point. One. Three. Percent. Of. The. Population. That's. The. Way. Iq. Tests. Work. Now. This. Is. About. Iq. Tests. We. Can. Now. Ask. About. Their. Reliability. And. Their. Validity. What. Do. They. Mean. Well. This. Has. Turned. Out. To. Be. A. Matter. Of. Extreme. Debate. This. Just. Reiterates. What. I. Just. Said. A. Lot. Of. The. Debate. Was. Spawned. By. The. Book. By. Herrnstein. And. Murray. Called. The. Bell. Curve. And. In. The. Bell. Curve. These. Authors. Made. The. Argument. That. Iq. Matters. Immensely. For. Everyday. Life. And. That. People's. Status. In. Society. Like. How. Rich. They. Are. And. How. Successful. They. Are. Follows. From. Their. Iq. As. Measured. In. Standard. Iq. Tests. Now. This. Book. Made. A. Lot. Of. Claims. And. It's. Probably. Before. Many. Of. Your. Time. But. Spawned. Huge. Controversy. And. As. A. Result. Of. This. Controversy. Some. Interesting. Papers. Came. Out. One. Response. To. The. Herrnstein. And. Murray. Book. Was. By. The. American. Psychological. Association. Which. Put. Together. A. Group. Of. Fifty. Leading. Researchers. In. Intelligence. To. Write. A. Report. On. What. They. Thought. About. Intelligence. What. They. Thought. About. Does. Iq. Matter. How. Does. Iq. Relate. To. Intelligence. Why. Are. People. Different. In. Intelligence. Why. Do. Different. Human. Groups. Differ. In. Intelligence. And. So. On. At. The. Same. Time. There. Was. Also. Another. Group. Of. Iq. Researchers. Not. Quite. The. Same. As. The. First. Group. Got. Together. And. Wrote. Another. Report. And. If. You're. Interested. In. This. The. Links. To. The. Reports. Are. On. The. PowerPoint. Slide. Well. What. Did. They. Conclude. The. Conclusions. Were. Slightly. Different. But. Here's. The. Broad. Consensus. By. The. Experts. Regarding. The. Importance. Of. Iq. Tests. And. The. Claim. Is. Iq. Is. Strongly. Related. More. So. Probably. More. So. Than. Any. Other. Single. Measurable. Human. Trait. To. Many. Important. Educational. Occupational. Economic. And. Social. Outcomes. In. Some. Cases. The. Correlation. Is. Very. Strong. Such. As. Success. In. School. And. Success. In. Military. Training. In. Other. Cases. It's. Moderate. But. Robust. Such. As. Social. Competence. And. In. Other. Cases. It's. Smaller. But. Consistent. Law. Abidingness. And. They. Conclude. Whatever. Iq. Test. Measure. It. Is. Of. Great. Practical. And. Social. Importance. So. Iq. Matters. More. Particularly. Iq. Matters. For. Social. Achievement. For. Prestigious. Positions. And. For. On. The. Job. Performance. And. Other. Work. Related. Variables. If. I. Know. Your. Iq. Score. I. Know. Something. About. You. That. Matters. It's. Not. Irrelevant. Just. As. If. I. Know. Your. Score. On. A. Personality. Test. At. A. Big. Five. I. Would. Know. Something. About. You. That. Actually. Would. Tell. Me. Something. Interesting. About. You. In. The. Real. World. On. The. Other. Hand. There's. A. Lot. Of. Controversy. About. Why. This. Connection. Exists. So. To. Some. Extent. People. Have. Worried. That. The. Effectiveness. Of. Iq. Is. A. Self. Fulfilling. Prophecy. And. Here's. Why. If. Society. Takes. Iq. Tests. Important. Seriously. They. Become. Important. So. It's. True. That. Your. Iq. Is. Very. Related. To. Your. Success. In. Getting. Into. A. Good. School. Like. Yale. But. The. Reason. For. This. In. Large. Extent. Is. Because. To. Get. To. Yale. They. Give. You. An. Iq. Test. The. Satisfaction. So. Same. For. Graduate. School. There's. A. Gre. Which. Is. Yet. Another. Iq. Test. So. To. Some. Extent. It's. A. Self. Fulfilling. Prophecy. I. Could. Make. Society. Could. Choose. To. Make. How. Tall. You. Are. Extremely. Important. For. Educational. Success. They. Could. Say. Nobody. Under. Six. Feet. Tall. Gets. Into. Yale. And. Then. Some. Psych. Professor. Would. Stand. Up. And. Say. Of. Course. Height. Is. Profoundly. Related. To. Educational. Accomplishment. And. It. Would. Be. Because. People. Made. It. So. So. To. Some. Extent. A. Society. That. Draws. Highly. On. Iq. Tests. Regarding. Promotion. And. Educational. Achievement. And. Military. Status. And. So. On. It's. Just. Going. To. Follow. That. Iq. Then. Becomes. Important. At. The. Same. Time. However. The. Role. Of. Iq. Is. Pretty. Clearly. Not. Entirely. Important. Social. Construction. There's. Some. Evidence. That. Your. Iq. Score. Relates. To. Intelligence. In. An. Interesting. Sense. Including. Domains. Like. Mental. Speed. And. Memory. Span. So. Your. Score. On. Iq. Test. For. Instance. Is. To. Some. Extent. Related. To. How. Fast. You. Could. Think. And. Your. Memory. Abilities. Now. I. Want. To. Shift. To. The. Second. Half. Of. The. Class. And. Talk. About. Why. So. We. Talked. About. Two. Differences. One. Personality. One. Intelligence. I. Want. To. Talk. About. Why. People. Differ. But. Before. I. Do. Do. People. Have. Any. Questions. Yes. About. Personality. This. Morning. I. Took. A. Test. That. Measures. The. Big. Life. And. They. Told. Me. I'd. Be. Placed. In. Slither. And. I. Was. Wondering. How. The. Way. The. Test. Works. Is. It. Asks. You. About. One. Hundred. Questions. And. Makes. Statements. About. You. Have. To. Rank. Their. Accuracy. And. I. Can. Think. Of. It's. A. Very. Strong. Self. Presentation. Bias. Yes. The. Guy. Who. Invented. It. Is. Probably. The. Most. Advanced. As. There. Is. But. How. Did. He. Deal. With. That. It's. A. Good. Question. The. Question. Is. This. Young. Man. Just. Took. A. Personality. Test. He. Was. Accepted. Into. Slytherin. Which. Is. A. Hogwarts. Reference. I'm. Hip. To. That. But. The. Question. Is. A. Good. One. You're. A. Clever. Man. High. G. And. You. Want. It. To. Be. In. Slytherin. How. Do. We. Know. He. Didn't. Work. The. Test. I. Mean. You're. Going. To. Get. These. Personality. Tests. All. The. Time. And. The. Personality. Test. You're. Applying. For. A. Business. And. One. Of. The. Tests. Is. I. Like. To. Steal. From. My. Bosses. I. Don't. Think. So. No. That's. A. Little. Iq. Test. Right. There. So. The. Question. Is. How. Do. You. Avoid. That. Problem. The. Test. Constructors. Have. Done. So. In. Certain. Clever. Ways. For. Instance. There. Are. Often. Catch. Questions. Designed. To. Catch. A. Liar. Some. Of. These. Questions. Pose. Very. Unrealistic. Phenomena. So. You. Might. Have. A. Question. In. There. Saying. I. Have. Never. Done. Anything. I. Am. Ashamed. Of. Now. Some. People. Will. Say. Yes. That's. True. Of. Me. But. They. Tend. To. Be. Liars. And. So. Unrealistic. Questions. Tend. To. Catch. Liars. Also. You. Get. The. Same. Question. Asked. In. Different. Ways. Across. The. Hundred. Items. And. They. Could. Use. The. Correlations. To. Figure. These. Things. Out. I. Mean. Again. The. Proof. Is. Sort. Of. In. The. Pudding. The. Reliability. And. Validity. Of. A. Test. Is. Determined. In. Part. By. Just. How. Well. It. Does. At. Predicting. Your. Future. Performance. On. A. Test. And. Your. Real. World. Performance. And. A. Test. That. Is. Easily. Fooled. Easily. Tricked. By. Smart. People. Survive. Long. As. A. Personality. Test. So. We. Know. The. Test. You. Got. Is. A. Pretty. Good. Test. Because. It. Seems. To. Work. For. Most. People. Yes. I've. Heard. That. Success. Is. More. Related. To. Emotional. Iq. Rather. Than. Iq. Itself. It's. A. Good. Question. The. Question. Was. About. Emotional. Iq. Which. Is. Something. I'm. Actually. Going. To. Touch. Upon. A. Little. Bit. Later. In. The. Course. But. People. Have. Talked. About. Different. Forms. Of. Intelligence. And. Emotional. Intelligence. Social. Intelligence. Is. Arguably. A. Candidate. For. Success. Across. Different. Domains. The. Evidence. For. Its. Predictive. Power. Is. Not. As. Strong. As. For. Regular. Iq. Tests. So. You. Might. Be. Right. It. Might. Turn. Out. To. Be. A. Much. Better. Predictor. But. One. It's. Not. Clear. That. We. Know. That. Yet. Peter. Salovey. Has. Actually. Done. Some. Very. Interesting. Research. On. This. And. Is. Continuing. Work. Along. Those. Lines. The. Second. Thing. Is. Emotional. Intelligence. Is. Actually. Related. To. Good. Old. Fashioned. Intelligence. They. Kind. Of. Pull. Together. A. Lot. So. It's. Not. Entirely. Separate. But. That's. A. Good. Point. And. I'd. Like. To. Return. To. It. A. Little. Bit. Later. On. In. The. Course. Yes. What. Makes. One. Iq. Test. Better. Than. Another. Test. What. Makes. An. Sat. With. Analogies. Worse. Than. An. Sat. Without. Analysis. For. Example. Good. Question. How. Do. You. Determine. What. A. Good. Test. Is. And. Again. It's. A. Real. Art. Going. Through. The. Details. Of. How. To. Do. That. But. The. Broad. Answers. Involve. Reliability. And. Validity. It's. A. Good. Test. If. I. Test. You. Today. And. I. Test. You. Tomorrow. I. Get. The. Same. Score. It's. A. Really. Good. Test. If. Your. Score. On. That. Test. Predicts. Your. Grades. Or. If. It's. A. Personality. Test. Predicts. How. Many. Girlfriends. You. Have. Or. Predicts. Whether. People. Think. You're. A. Nice. Guy. So. You. Have. To. See. Both. The. Replicability. Of. The. Test. Over. Time. But. Also. Its. Relationship. To. Real. World. Phenomena. And. That's. Important. Again. Why. Do. We. Know. The. Batman. Wonder. Woman. Hulk. Test. Is. A. Bad. One. Well. One. Answer. Is. Because. How. I. Score. In. That. Test. Is. Isn't. Going. To. Tell. You. Anything. About. Me. It's. Not. Going. To. Relate. To. My. Grades. It's. Not. Going. To. Relate. To. How. Well. I'm. Liked. How. Do. We. Know. That. Sat. Is. Useful. Well. It. Actually. Corresponds. With. Other. Things. Like. Grades. Yes. And. Back. I. Guess. We're. Sort. Of. Making. The. Assumption. That. Absolutely. The. Question. Is. When. I'm. Talking. About. Personality. I'm. Defining. It. In. Terms. Of. Something. Which. Is. Stable. Over. Time. And. Your. Question. Which. Is. A. Good. One. Is. How. Do. We. Know. It's. Stable. Over. Time. Can't. It. Change. And. The. Answer. Is. Yeah. A. Lot. Of. Personality. Does. Change. Over. Time. A. Personality. Test. You. Give. To. A. Ten. Year. Old. Will. Relate. But. Not. So. Strongly. With. That. Individual. When. He's. Fifty. On. The. Other. Hand. We. Know. That. The. Psychological. Claim. That. There. Exists. Such. A. Thing. As. Personality. And. It. Is. Stable. Over. Time. Is. Supported. By. The. Fact. That. If. You're. An. Extrovert. Now. You're. Likely. To. Be. An. Extrovert. Twenty. Years. From. Now. Not. Perfectly. So. You're. Right. You. Could. Change. You. Could. Become. An. Introvert. You. Could. Become. More. Of. An. Extrovert. But. Where. You. Stand. Now. Is. Significantly. Related. To. Where. You'll. Be. In. The. Future. And. That. Justifies. Talking. About. It. As. A. Stable. Trait. Same. With. Iq. Your. Iq. Might. Change. It. Might. Go. Up. It. Might. Go. Down. But. It. Won't. Go. Up. And. Go. Down. That. Much. And. This. Is. Why. It. Makes. Sense. To. Talk. About. Intelligence. As. A. More. Or. Less. Stable. Trait. Why. Are. We. Different. Well. You're. Different. Because. Of. Two. Things. Your. Genes. And. Your. Environment. Your. Nature. And. Your. Nurture. Your. Heredity. And. Your. Experience. This. Doesn't. Say. Anything. This. Is. Just. Defining. The. Question. But. The. Question. Of. The. Role. Of. Genes. And. The. Role. Of. Environment. In. Explaining. Human. Differences. Is. An. Interesting. One. And. It. Could. Be. Explored. In. Different. Ways. But. Before. Talking. About. It. I. Have. To. Clear. Up. A. Common. Misconception. I'm. Going. To. Talk. About. The. Effects. Of. Genes. And. I'm. Going. To. Talk. About. Heredity. But. I. Want. To. Be. Clear. I. Am. Talking. About. The. Role. Of. Genes. And. Also. The. Role. Of. Environment. In. Explaining. Human. Differences. Not. In. Explaining. Human. Characteristics. So. The. Distinction. Is. We're. Interested. In. The. Amount. Of. Variation. Due. To. Genetic. Differences. Not. The. Proportion. Of. An. Individual's. Trait. That's. Due. To. Genes. So. For. Instance. You. Could. Pull. These. Apart. When. We. Ask. What's. The. Role. Of. Genes. What's. The. Role. Of. Heredity. In. How. Tall. People. Are. The. Question. Is. Not. Asking. For. You. What. Is. The. Role. Of. Your. Genes. In. Determining. How. Tall. You. Are. It's. Not. Clear. That's. Even. A. Sensible. Question. The. Question. Is. There's. A. Height. Difference. Between. You. And. Me. And. Him. And. Her. How. Do. We. Explain. That. Difference. And. I. Could. Illustrate. Why. Heredity. Doesn't. Mean. The. Same. Thing. As. The. Contribution. Of. The. Genes. Height. Is. Reasonably. Heritable. Meaning. The. Differences. Between. People. In. The. Population. And. How. Tall. They. Are. Is. Due. In. Large. Part. Not. Entirely. But. In. Large. Part. To. Their. Genes. What. About. The. Number. Of. Legs. People. Have. Well. The. Number. Of. Legs. People. Have. From. Zero. One. Or. Two. Is. Actually. Not. Very. Heritable. At. All. Because. Almost. Everybody. Has. Two. Legs. And. People. Who. Have. Fewer. Than. Two. Legs. Typically. Have. Lost. One. Or. Both. Legs. In. An. Accident. It's. Not. Due. To. Their. Genes. So. Of. Course. Whether. Or. Not. You. Have. Legs. Is. A. Very. Genetic. Matter. But. The. Differences. In. Number. Of. Legs. Is. Not. Usually. Genetic. And. So. Heredity. Is. A. Claim. About. Differences. Not. A. Claim. About. The. Origin. Of. Any. Specific. Trait. Well. Now. That's. What. Heredity. Which. Is. Genetic. Now. We. Could. Talk. About. Environment. And. We. Could. Break. Up. Environment. Into. Two. Sorts. Of. Environment. One. Is. Shared. Environment. And. Shared. Environment. Is. The. Extent. To. Which. The. Differences. Are. Caused. By. Things. By. Phenomena. That. People. Raised. In. The. Same. Household. Share. So. If. One. Suppose. Some. Of. You. Are. Neurotic. And. Suppose. We. Want. To. Say. Part. Of. That's. Due. To. Your. Environment. Well. Suppose. You're. Neurotic. Because. You. Have. Lousy. Parents. That. Would. Be. Part. Of. Your. Shared. Environment. Because. Presumably. Siblings. Raised. In. The. Same. Household. Would. Would. Have. The. Same. Lousy. Parents. This. Is. Contrasted. With. Non. Shared. Environment. Which. Is. Everything. Else. Suppose. I. Think. You're. Neurotic. Because. When. You. Were. Five. Years. Old. Somebody. Threw. A. Snowball. At. You. And. It. Bounced. Off. Your. Head. That's. Non. Shared. Environment. Suppose. You're. Neurotic. Because. You. Won. The. Lottery. When. You. Were. Twenty. One. And. All. The. Money. Messed. You. Up. That. Would. Be. Non. Shared. Environment. So. What. You. Have. Here. Is. Heredity. Shared. Environment. And. Non. Shared. Environment. And. This. Equals. One. That's. Everything. Non. Shared. Environment. Is. A. Sort. Of. Garbage. Can. Category. That. Includes. Everything. That's. Not. Heredity. And. Not. Shared. Environment. Suppose. You. Think. You're. Neurotic. Because. Aliens. From. The. Planet. Pluto. Are. Zapping. Your. Brain. Suppose. You're. Right. Well. That. Would. Be. Non. Shared. Environment. Because. They're. Presumably. Not. Necessarily. Zapping. Your. Siblings. Brains. Everything. Else. Is. Non. Shared. Environment. It. Becomes. Interesting. To. Ask. For. All. These. Differences. The. Physical. Differences. Like. Height. But. Psychological. Differences. Like. Personality. And. Intelligence. How. Do. We. Parcel. It. Out. Into. What's. Genetic. And. What's. Environmental. This. Proves. To. Be. Really. Difficult. In. The. Real. World. Because. In. The. Real. World. It's. Hard. To. Pull. Apart. Genes. And. Environments. So. You. And. Me. Will. Have. Different. Personalities. Why. Well. We. Were. Raised. By. Different. Parents. And. We. Have. Different. Genes. We. Can't. Tell. My. Brother. And. Me. Might. Share. All. Sorts. Of. Things. In. Common. But. We. Had. The. Same. Parents. And. The. Same. Genes. Fifty. Percent. Of. The. Same. Genes. So. How. Do. We. Tell. What's. Causing. Us. To. Be. Alike. So. To. Pull. These. Things. Apart. You. Need. To. Be. Clever. You. Need. To. Use. The. Tools. Of. Behavioral. Genetics. And. To. Use. These. Tools. You. Have. To. Exploit. Certain. Regularities. About. Genes. And. About. Environment. One. Thing. Is. This. Some. People. Are. Clones. Monozygotic. Twins. Are. Genetic. Duplicates. They. Share. One. Hundred. Percent. Of. The. Same. Genes. That's. Kind. Of. Interesting. Dizygotic. Twins. Are. Not. Clones. They. Share. Fifty. Fifty. They're. Just. Like. Regular. Siblings. And. Adopted. Siblings. Have. No. Special. Genetic. Overlap. That's. Zero. Percent. Above. And. Beyond. Randomness. Those. Three. Groups. Then. Become. Rather. Interesting. Particularly. When. We. Keep. In. Mind. That. By. Definition. Two. People. Raised. In. The. Same. House. By. The. Same. Parents. Have. One. Hundred. Percent. The. Same. Shared. Environment. So. Now. We. Can. Start. To. Answer. These. Questions. Suppose. You. Find. That. Monozygotic. Twins. Are. Much. More. Similar. Than. Dizygotic. Twins. Well. That. Would. Suggest. That. There's. A. Large. Role. Of. Genes. In. Those. Traits. That. You're. Interested. In. It. Would. Not. Cinch. The. Matter. Because. There. Are. Other. Factors. At. Work. For. Instance. Monozygotic. Twins. Look. More. Alike. Than. Dizygotic. Twins. And. Maybe. They. Have. Different. They. Have. More. Similar. Environments. Because. Of. This. Similarity. In. Appearance. Are. Monozygotic. Twins. Just. As. Similar. As. Dizygotic. Twins. If. So. Then. It. Would. Show. That. Extra. Overlap. In. Genes. Doesn't. Really. Matter. And. So. It. Would. Suggest. A. Low. Role. Of. Heredity. Are. Adopted. Children. Highly. Similar. To. Their. Brothers. And. Sisters. If. So. Then. There's. A. High. Role. Of. Shared. Environment. Suppose. The. Bloom. Children. And. There's. Seven. Of. Them. All. Have. An. Iq. Of. One. Hundred. Four. And. We. Adopt. Three. Kids. And. Then. At. The. End. Of. The. Day. Those. Three. Kids. Each. Have. An. Iq. Of. One. Hundred. Four. That. Would. Suggest. That. And. We. Do. This. Over. And. Over. Again. Across. Different. Families. That. Would. Suggest. That. There's. Something. About. The. Bloom. Family. Being. Raised. By. Me. That. Gives. You. An. Iq. Of. One. Hundred. Four. On. The. Other. Hand. If. The. Iq. Of. The. Adopted. Kids. Had. No. Relationship. With. To. Those. Of. The. Biological. Bloom. Children. It. Would. Suggest. That. Being. Raised. By. Me. Has. No. Effects. Really. In. Your. Iq. It's. Sort. Of. Separate. A. Separate. A. Second. A. Final. Contrast. Which. Is. The. Thing. That. Psychologists. Love. Is. Identical. Twins. Reared. Apart. That's. The. Gold. Standard. Because. You. Have. These. People. Who. Are. Clones. But. They're. Raised. In. Different. Families. And. To. The. Extent. That. They're. Similar. This. Suggests. It's. A. Similarity. Of. Their. Genes. And. In. Fact. One. Of. The. Most. Surprising. Findings. In. Behavioral. Genetics. The. Caption. Here. Is. Separated. At. Birth. The. Malafort. Twins. Meet. Accidentally. And. They're. At. A. Patent. Office. With. The. Same. Device. One. Of. The. Hugely. Surprising. Findings. From. Behavioral. Genetics. Is. How. Alike. Identical. Twins. Reared. Apart. Are. They. Seem. To. Have. Similar. Attitudes. To. The. Death. Penalty. To. Religion. And. To. Modern. Music. They. Have. Similar. Rates. Of. Behavior. In. Crime. Gambling. And. Divorce. They. Often. Have. Been. Found. To. Have. Bizarre. Similarities. They. Meet. After. Being. Separated. At. Birth. And. They. Meet. At. Age. Thirty. And. Then. It. Turns. Out. That. They. Both. Get. Into. A. Lot. Of. Trouble. Because. They. Pretend. To. Sneeze. In. Elevators. There. Was. One. Pair. Of. Twins. Studied. By. Behavioral. Geneticists. Were. Known. As. The. Giggle. Twins. Because. They. Both. Would. Always. Giggle. They'd. Burst. Into. Giggles. At. Every. Moment. Even. Though. It. Couldn't. Be. Environment. Because. They. Weren't. Raised. Together. More. Objectively. The. Brain. Scans. Of. Identical. Twins. Reared. Apart. Show. Show. That. Their. Brains. Are. So. Similar. In. Many. Cases. You. Can't. Tell. Whose. Brain. Is. Who. I. Could. Tell. Your. Brain. From. My. Brain. From. A. Brain. Scan. And. My. Brother's. Brain. From. My. Brain. From. A. Brain. Scan. But. If. I. Were. To. Have. An. Identical. Twin. It. Would. Be. Very. Difficult. To. Tell. Whose. Brain. Is. Whose. Even. If. We. Had. No. Environment. In. Common. So. This. Leads. To. Two. Surprising. Findings. Of. Behavioral. Genetics. This. Is. The. First. One. There's. High. Heritability. For. Almost. Everything. For. Intelligence. For. Personality. For. How. Happy. You. Are. For. How. Religious. You. Are. For. Your. Political. Orientation. For. Your. Sexual. Orientation. There. Is. High. Heritability. There's. A. High. Effect. Of. Genes. For. Just. About. Everything. Now. That's. Actually. Not. The. Controversial. Thing. I'm. Going. To. Tell. You. But. Before. Getting. To. The. More. Controversial. Thing. I. Want. To. Raise. Another. Issue. Which. Often. Gets. Discussed. And. Has. A. Good. Treatment. In. A. Textbook. This. Suggests. That. Individual. Differences. Within. A. Group. Have. Genetic. Causes. Does. That. Mean. That. Group. Differences. Are. Largely. The. Result. Of. Genetic. Causes. So. We. Know. That. There. Are. Clear. Differences. In. Iq. Scores. Among. American. Racial. Groups. Between. Whites. And. Asians. African. Americans. Ashkenazi. Jews. There's. Clear. And. Reliable. Iq. Differences. As. Well. As. Some. Other. Differences. Now. To. Some. Extent. These. Groups. Are. Partially. Socially. Constructed. And. What. This. Means. Is. That. Whether. Or. Not. You. Fall. Into. A. Group. Is. Not. Entirely. Determined. By. Your. Genetic. Makeup. It's. Often. Determined. By. Social. Decisions. So. Whether. Or. Not. You. Can. As. A. Jew. For. Instance. Depends. Not. Entirely. On. Genetic. Factors. But. Also. On. Factors. Such. As. Whether. You're. Reform. Or. Orthodox. And. So. Whether. You. Would. Accept. That. The. Child. Of. A. Jewish. Man. And. A. Non. Jewish. Woman. Is. Jewish. Similarly. Categories. Like. African. American. And. White. And. Asian. Often. Overlap. Broad. Genetic. Categories. And. They. Don't. Make. Fully. Coherent. Genetic. Sense. At. The. Same. Time. Though. There's. Plainly. Some. Genetic. Differences. Across. Human. Groups. And. Say. With. Regard. To. Vulnerability. To. Disease. Ashkenazi. Jews. For. Instance. Are. Vulnerable. To. Tay. Sachs. And. The. Fact. You. Could. Have. This. Sort. Of. Genetic. Vulnerability. Suggests. That. There's. Some. Sort. Of. Reality. To. These. Groups. So. You. Have. To. Ask. The. Question. Now. To. What. Extent. Does. The. High. Heritability. In. Individuals. Are. Mean. That. There. Has. To. Be. A. Heritable. Explanation. Across. Groups. And. The. Answer. Is. Not. At. All. I'm. Not. Saying. That. This. Means. That. There's. No. Genetic. Explanation. For. Human. Group. Differences. All. I'm. Saying. Is. The. Question. Of. The. Phenomena. Of. Within. Group. Genetic. Differences. Does. Not. Mean. That. There's. A. Cross. Group. Genetic. Sorry. Between. Group. Genetic. Differences. There's. A. Nice. Example. By. Richard. Lewontin. The. Geneticist. Where. He. Imagines. Two. Plots. Of. What. Are. These. Some. Sort. Of. Wheat. Yeah. Two. Plots. Of. Land. And. Each. One. Has. A. Set. Of. Seeds. And. Oh. No. They're. Over. Here. No. They're. Anyway. One. Of. Them. You. Fertilize. A. Lot. The. Other. One. You. Fertilize. A. Little. Now. Within. Each. Plot. Now. How. Much. The. Seed. Grows. Is. Actually. Largely. Determined. By. The. Genetics. Of. The. Seed. So. You'd. Find. High. Heritability. For. Growth. In. The. Seeds. But. The. Difference. Between. Groups. Has. No. Genetic. Cause. At. All. It's. Caused. By. Which. Groups. You. Fertilize. More. Than. Others. Here's. Another. Way. To. Do. The. Logic. Suppose. From. The. Middle. Down. Here. You. Guys. I. Hate. You. I. Really. Hate. All. Of. You. And. I. Like. You. So. I. Make. Up. Two. Midterms. You. Probably. Didn't. Notice. But. There. Were. Two. Midterms. This. Midterm. Was. Fiercely. Hard. Savagely. Hard. It. Took. Many. Of. You. To. End. The. Class. To. Do. It. This. Midterm. Was. Which. Is. Bigger. A. Dog. Or. An. Elephant. Because. I. Like. You. And. I. Want. You. All. To. Say. Succeed. Now. So. You. Have. Two. Different. Groups. You. Guys. And. You. Guys. Within. Each. Group. Some. People. Are. Going. To. Do. Better. Than. Others. The. Explanation. For. That. Might. Actually. Have. To. Do. With. Your. Genes. It. Might. Have. To. Do. With. Your. Environment. How. Much. You. Study. But. There. Are. All. Sorts. Of. Reasons. For. That. But. Within. Each. Group. Some. Of. You. Will. Do. Better. On. A. Hard. Test. Than. Others. On. A. Hard. Test. Some. Better. On. Easy. Test. Than. Others. On. The. Easy. Test. But. How. Do. We. Explain. The. Group. Difference. Well. Well. That. Has. Nothing. To. Do. With. Genes. The. Group. Difference. The. Fact. You. Will. Do. Much. Worse. Than. You. Has. To. Do. With. The. Exams. I. Gave. My. Point. Again. Is. That. There's. A. Logical. Difference. Between. A. Within. Group. Difference. Within. This. Half. Of. The. Class. And. A. Difference. Between. Groups. Between. This. Group. And. This. Group. What. Do. We. Know. About. So. That. Just. Shows. They're. Not. The. Same. Thing. But. What's. The. Fact. Of. The. Matter. What. Do. We. Know. About. Human. Differences. Differences. Between. Different. Human. Groups. Again. The. Textbook. Has. A. Good. Discussion. Of. This. But. I'm. Going. To. Give. Two. Reasons. From. The. Textbook. That. At. Least. Group. Differences. Are. At. Least. To. A. Large. Extent. Due. To. Environmental. And. Not. Genetic. Causes. One. Is. That. The. Differences. We. Find. In. Iq. Seem. To. Correspond. Better. To. Socially. Defined. Groups. Than. Genetically. Defined. Groups. They. Seem. To. Correspond. To. Groups. That. Defined. In. Terms. Of. How. People. Treat. You. And. How. People. Think. About. You. As. Opposed. To. Your. DNA. And. To. The. Extent. That. Turns. Out. To. Be. True. That. Would. Mean. That. A. Genetic. Explanation. Is. Not. Reasonable. For. Those. Differences. A. Second. Factor. Is. That. We. Know. Iq. Can. Differ. Radically. Without. Any. Genetic. Differences. At. All. And. The. Most. Dramatic. Evidence. Of. Of. That. Is. The. Flynn. Effect. The. Flynn. Effect. Is. One. Of. The. Freakier. Findings. The. Flynn. Effect. Is. The. Finding. That. People. Have. Been. Getting. Smarter. You. Are. Much. Smarter. On. Average. Than. Your. Parents. And. The. Iq. Tests. Hide. That. Here's. Why. They. Hide. That. They. Hide. That. Because. They. Always. Make. One. Hundred. The. Average. So. You. Come. Home. And. Say. Dad. Dad. I. Just. Did. An. Iq. Test. I. Got. One. Hundred. Twenty. And. Your. Father. Says. Good. Work. Son. I. Got. One. Hundred. Twenty. Two. When. I. Was. Your. Age. But. What. Neither. Of. You. Acknowledge. Is. Your. Test. Was. Much. Harder. As. People. Got. Better. They. Had. To. Make. The. Test. Harder. And. Harder. And. This. Is. Plotted. By. The. Flynn. Effect. One. Of. These. Lines. Is. American. One. Is. Dutch. I. Don't. Know. Which. Is. Which. But. The. Gist. Of. It. Is. That. Somebody. Who. Would. Have. That. If. You. In. Nineteen. Eighty. Would. Take. The. Nineteen. Fifty. Test. Your. Average. Person. In. Nineteen. Eighty. Would. Score. One. Hundred. Twenty. On. The. Nineteen. Fifty. Test. Economist. What. This. Means. Is. You. Take. Your. Person. Who's. Average. Now. And. Push. Him. Back. Through. Time. Twenty. Years. Thirty. Years. He. Would. Do. Much. Better. Than. Average. Nobody. Knows. Why. People. Are. Getting. Smarter. And. There's. Different. Theories. Of. This. And. In. Fact. Well. Wait. Until. You. See. Your. Reading. Response. But. But. What. This. Illustrates. Is. That. Iq. Can. Change. Dramatically. Over. The. Span. Of. A. Few. Decades. Without. Any. Corresponding. Genetic. Change. And. That. Leaves. Open. The. Possibility. In. Fact. Maybe. The. Likelihood. That. The. Differences. We. Find. In. Human. Groups. Existing. Human. Groups. Are. Caused. By. The. Same. Environmental. Effects. That. Have. Led. To. The. Flynn. Effect. Okay. This. Is. Not. The. Surprising. Claim. Though. The. High. Heritability. For. Almost. Everything. This. Is. The. Surprising. Claim. Almost. Everything. That's. Not. Genetic. Is. Due. To. Non. Shared. Environment. The. Behavioral. Genetic. Analyses. Suggest. That. Shared. Environment. Counts. For. Little. Or. Nothing. When. It. Comes. To. Personality. Or. Intelligence. Then. An. Adopted. Child. Is. No. More. Similar. Siblings. Than. He. Or. She. Is. To. A. Stranger. To. Put. It. A. Different. Way. The. Iq. Correlation. Between. Genetically. Unrelated. Adults. Who. Are. Raised. In. The. Same. Family. Is. About. Zero. Suppose. The. Bloom. Family. All. Has. An. Iq. Of. One. Hundred. Four. And. We. Adopt. A. Kid. What. Will. This. Kid's. We. Adopt. Him. As. A. Baby. We. Raise. Him. To. Be. A. Twenty. Year. Old. What's. His. Iq. We. Have. No. Idea. Because. The. Iq. Of. The. Bloom. Family. Who. Are. Unrelated. To. Him. Has. No. Effect. At. All. Now. If. You. Think. About. The. Implications. Of. It. It. Becomes. Controversial. And. Newsweek. I. Think. Caught. The. Big. Issue. When. They. Put. In. Their. Title. The. Question. Do. Parents. Matter. And. The. Issue. Is. Parents. Are. Shared. Environments. To. Say. Shared. Environment. Does. Not. Affect. Your. Intelligence. Or. Your. Personality. Suggests. That. How. Your. Parents. Raised. You. Does. Not. Affect. Your. Gene. Your. Intelligence. Or. Your. Personality. This. Isn't. To. Say. Your. Parents. Didn't. Have. A. Big. Effect. On. Your. Intelligence. And. Personality. Your. Parents. Had. A. Huge. Effect. On. Your. Intelligence. And. Your. Personality. Around. Five. Actually. They. Had. This. Effect. At. The. Moment. Of. Conception. From. Then. On. In. They. Played. Very. Little. Role. In. Shaping. You. What. You. Are. The. Case. For. This. Which. Generated. A. Newsweek. Cover. Came. Up. In. A. Controversial. Book. By. Judith. Harris. Called. The. Nurture. Assumption. Which. Has. A. Very. Long. Why. Children. Turn. Out. The. Way. They. Do. Parents. Matter. Less. Than. You. Think. And. Peers. Matter. More. Judith. Harris. Has. Had. An. Interesting. History. She. Was. Kicked. Out. Of. Graduate. School. At. Harvard. And. Told. That. She. Wouldn't. Amount. To. Much. The. Person. Who. Wrote. The. Letter. Saying. That. She. Was. Not. Going. To. Amount. To. Much. Was. The. Department. Chair. George. Miller. In. Nineteen. Ninety. Seven. She. Won. The. George. Miller. Award. For. Her. Astounding. Accomplishments. And. When. She. Wrote. The. Book. She. Took. As. A. Starting. Point. Her. Point. Of. Disagreement. A. Famous. Poem. By. The. Poet. Philip. Larkin. And. Many. Of. You. Have. Probably. Heard. This. The. Poem. Goes. Like. They. Fuck. You. Up. Your. Mom. And. Dad. They. May. Not. Mean. To. But. They. Do. They. Fill. You. With. The. Faults. They. Had. And. Add. Some. Extra. Just. For. You. The. Last. Line. Of. The. Poem. The. Last. Bit. Of. The. Poem. Is. Ends. Man. Hands. On. Misery. To. Man. It. Deepens. Like. A. Coastal. Shelf. Get. Out. As. Early. As. You. Can. And. Don't. Have. Any. Kids. Yourself. It's. Beautiful. Harris. Wrote. A. Rebuttal. How. Sharper. Than. A. Serpent's. Tooth. To. Hear. Your. Child. Make. Such. A. Fuss. It. Isn't. Fair. It's. Not. The. Truth. He's. Fucked. Up. Yes. But. Not. By. Us. Just. To. Show. That. Academic. Debates. Never. End. A. British. Psychoanalyst. Named. Oliver. James. Outraged. By. Judith. Harris. Book. The. Nurture. Assumption. Wrote. Another. Book. In. Response. Called. They. Fuck. Youk. Up. Now. How. Do. You. Tell. Your. Grandparents. I. Wrote. A. Book. What's. It. Called. Can't. Tell. You. Anyway. Look. If. You're. Paying. Attention. This. Has. To. Sound. Wrong. You. Must. Be. Thinking. Of. Course. There. Must. Be. An. Effect. Of. Shared. Environment. Of. Course. Parents. Have. An. Effect. After. All. Good. Kids. Have. Good. Parents. There. Is. No. Doubt. At. All. That. This. Is. True. There's. A. High. Correlation. Between. Parent. And. Child. For. Everything. If. Your. Parents. Read. A. Lot. And. There's. A. Lot. Of. Books. In. Your. House. You. Will. Become. A. Reader. If. Your. Parents. Are. Religious. You. Will. Be. Religious. If. You're. Raised. By. Bonnie. And. Clyde. You. Will. Be. A. Young. Thug. If. Your. Parents. Are. Poor. You're. Likely. To. Be. Poor. If. Your. Parents. Are. Brilliant. You're. Likely. To. Be. Brilliant. No. Doubt. At. All. It. Is. Extremely. Robust. Correlation. But. The. Problem. Is. This. Correlation. Could. Be. Explained. In. Different. Ways. Everybody. Thinks. Because. Parents. Do. Something. That. Affects. Their. Kids. Your. Parents. Are. Bookish. They. Read. To. Their. Kids. So. Their. Kids. Become. Bookish. But. Another. Possibility. Which. We. Know. Is. True. That. Almost. Always. Parents. Share. Their. Genes. With. Their. Kids. Another. Possibility. Is. It's. The. Parents. Who. Are. Affecting. Sorry. It's. The. Child. Who's. Affecting. The. Parents. Not. Vice. Versa. And. To. Illustrate. This. These. Different. Possibilities. I. Want. To. Tell. You. A. Little. Bit. About. A. Study. And. I. Really. Find. This. A. Fascinating. Study. It. Was. Reported. Last. Year. And. It. Was. A. Study. Shown. That. Suggesting. That. Family. Meals. Help. Teens. Avoid. Smoking. Alcohol. Drugs. It. Involved. A. Phone. Questionnaire. Where. They. Phoned. Up. Teenagers. And. Their. Parents. Said. Do. You. Do. A. Lot. Of. Drugs. Yes. Do. You. Have. Dinner. With. Your. Parents. No. And. They. Take. It. Off. And. Then. They. Ask. Other. People. And. They. Find. That. The. Kids. Who. Are. The. Good. Kids. Have. Meals. With. Their. Parents. Suggesting. This. Headline. I. Like. This. Study. Because. I. Have. Read. I. Must. Have. Read. In. My. Career. A. Thousand. Studies. And. This. Is. The. Worst. Study. Ever. Done. In. The. History. Of. Science. And. It's. Almost. We. Could. Devote. A. Week. To. Discussing. What's. Wrong. With. This. Study. But. Here's. The. Idea. It. Is. Possible. That. They. Are. Right. It. Is. Actually. Possible. And. I. Have. No. Evidence. Against. It. That. Having. Meals. With. Your. Kids. Makes. Them. Into. Good. Drug. Free. Non. Promiscuous. Non. Drinking. Kids. Of. Course. It's. Equally. Possible. It's. The. Other. Way. Around. If. Little. Johnny. Is. Kind. Of. Is. Out. There. Smoking. Pot. And. Cavorting. With. Prostitutes. And. Stuff. Like. That. He's. Not. Going. To. Come. Home. For. The. Family. Meal. It's. The. Other. Way. Around. Well. If. He's. A. Good. Kid. He. Might. Be. More. Likely. To. Have. A. Family. Meal. So. The. Direction. It. Might. Actually. Be. Not. Family. Meals. Make. Good. Kids. But. Rather. Good. Kids. Stick. Around. The. House. They. Have. Nothing. Better. To. Do. And. Have. Meals. With. Mom. And. Dad. Another. Possibility. Is. There's. Good. Families. And. Bad. Families. A. Good. Family. Is. Likely. To. Have. Drug. Free. Kids. And. A. Family. Meal. A. Bad. Family. Is. Likely. To. Have. Stone. Kids. And. No. Family. Meal. So. There. Maybe. There's. An. Effect. Of. The. Parents. That. Had. Nothing. To. Do. With. The. Family. Meal. Now. Here's. The. Even. Weirder. Part. They. Didn't. Factor. Out. Age. So. Think. About. This. Their. Sample. Included. Children. Ranging. From. Twelve. To. Seventeen. But. Let. Me. Tell. You. Something. About. Twelve. Year. Olds. Twelve. Year. Olds. Don't. Use. A. Lot. Of. Drugs. And. Likely. To. Eat. With. Their. Families. Seventeen. Year. Olds. Are. Stoned. All. The. Time. And. They. Don't. Eat. With. Their. Family. I've. Just. Begun. On. This. Study. But. The. Point. Is. When. You. Hear. Something. Like. So. Now. Take. Something. Which. You. May. Be. More. Likely. To. Believe. Maybe. You. Believe. That. Having. Parents. Who. Read. To. Their. Kids. That's. Good. For. Their. Kids. Well. Maybe. It. Is. But. Most. Of. These. Criticisms. Apply. To. That. Study. Too. A. Bookish. Kid. Is. More. Likely. To. Get. His. Parents. To. Read. To. Him. A. Good. Family. Parents. Who. Are. Good. Parents. In. General. Are. More. Likely. To. Do. All. Sorts. Of. Good. Things. To. Their. Kids. And. Have. Good. Kids. Besides. Take. Another. Case. The. So. Called. Cycle. Of. Violence. Yes. It's. True. Parents. Who. Smack. Their. Kids. Tend. To. Have. Statistically. More. Violent. Kids. But. Maybe. The. Causality. Goes. The. Other. Way. Around. Maybe. If. You. Have. A. Kid. Who's. A. Troublemaker. You're. More. Likely. To. Smack. Them. Maybe. Which. Seems. To. Be. Entirely. Likely. The. Propensity. For. Violence. Is. To. Some. Extent. Heritable. And. So. Even. If. The. Kid. Was. Not. Raised. By. The. Smacking. Parent. Whatever. Properties. Of. That. Parent. Caused. Him. Led. To. That. Violence. Got. Inherited. By. The. Kid. Now. Again. This. Isn't. Going. To. Sit. Right. For. You. And. I've. Had. I. Put. This. Down. Because. Last. Year. When. I. Gave. This. Talk. People. Ran. Up. To. Me. And. They. Said. Look. I. Know. My. Mom. And. Dad. Had. A. Huge. Role. In. My. Life. That's. Why. I'm. So. Happy. And. Successful. Then. Other. People. Said. That's. Why. I'm. So. Miserable. And. Screwed. Up. But. Either. Way. Blame. It. On. Mom. And. Dad. Or. Thank. Mom. And. Dad. And. You. Might. Think. You. Know. When. You. Become. Famous. You. Stand. Up. And. You. Get. Your. Awards. Maybe. You'll. Thank. Your. Mom. And. Dad. When. You. Go. To. Your. Therapist. And. Explain. Why. You're. So. Screwed. Up. Maybe. You'll. Blame. Dad. He. Never. Took. Me. To. A. Baseball. Game. Well. Maybe. Maybe. But. You. Don't. Know. Were. You. Adopted. If. You. Weren't. Adopted. You. Can't. Even. Begin. To. Have. The. Conversation. About. How. Your. Parents. Messed. You. Up. Because. If. You're. A. Lot. Like. Your. Parents. You. Might. Be. A. Lot. Like. Your. Parents. Because. You. Share. Their. Genes. Of. Course. You. Resemble. Your. Parents. Moreover. How. Do. You. Figure. Out. Which. Is. The. Cause. And. Which. Is. The. Effect. Now. Mums. Smacked. Me. A. Lot. And. That's. Why. I. Turned. Out. To. Be. Such. A. Rotten. Person. Well. Maybe. She. Smacked. You. Because. You. Were. Rotten. I. Mean. No. I. Don't. Want. To. Get. Personal. But. It's. Very. Difficult. To. Pull. These. Things. Apart. A. Final. Point. On. This. One. Response. To. Harris. Book. Is. This. Look. Even. If. This. Is. True. You. Shouldn't. Let. This. Get. Out. Because. If. Parents. Don't. Mold. Their. Children's. Personalities. Maybe. Why. Should. They. Treat. Their. Kids. Nicely. And. You. Might. Be. Wondering. This. You. Might. Be. Thinking. Well. Gee. If. You. Don't. Have. Any. Effect. On. How. Your. Kids. Turn. Out. Why. Be. Nice. To. Them. But. There. Are. Answers. You. Might. Want. To. Be. Nice. To. Them. Because. You. Love. Them. You. Might. Want. To. Be. Nice. To. Them. Because. You. Want. Them. To. Be. Happy. You. Might. Want. To. Be. Nice. To. Them. Because. You. Want. To. Have. Good. Relationships. With. Them. And. I. Have. A. Little. Bit. More. But. I'm. Going. To. Skip. It. And. I'm. Going. To. Move. Right. To. Your. Reading. Response. Which. Is. Very. Very. Simple. Easy. To. Answer. Easy. To. Grade. Explain. The. Flynn. Effect. It's. A. Toughie. So. Just. Explain. That. Have. A. Wonderful. Spring. Break. And. I'll. See. You. When. You. Get. Back.