Transcript
Use with ChatGPT / Claude Auto-scroll A
El ponente presenta el tema de prosperar en un mundo multicultural y advierte sobre las generalizaciones entre Oriente y Occidente. Explica que, aunque hay mucha diversidad interna, su investigación encuentra patrones culturales útiles para entender los choques entre culturas.
with understanding the many cultures that make each one of us who we are
thank you for that wonderful introduction it's an honor and a pleasure to have the opportunity to talk at the Plato Academy thank you I want to start bytalking about how to thrive in a multicultural world and I want to start with one fact about this first of all it's not easy as the world grows flatter and and smaller we will collide with each other moreand more and we have to think about how we can avoid that if possible and I want to offer a few suggestions today but this is the problem of thriving in the multicultural world is is a daunting avery huge challenge I think that thriving will begin with understanding the many cultures that make each one of us who we are I think that's that's a first step now as I start on explaining this today I wantto put up the caution sign and as it says here cultural comparisons and generalizations ahead I have to say that I am a European American social and cultural psychologist and I'm going to talk about differences between the East
and the West when I'm talking about the West I will mean Americans in the United States when I'm talking about the East I'm going to talk about Koreans Japanese and Chinese and refer to this group as East Asiansnow as an American I know that America is a very diverse place that people who voted for Hillary Clinton are not the same as people who voted for Donald Trump I know that I also know that among EastAsians there's equal amount of diversity I know that Koreans are not Japanese are not Chinese and and so forth I understand great great variation but in our studies in cultural psychology we have found that there are some patternsof behavior when you compare East and West that can be identified that are a function of our different national cultures and I want to talk about those today and see what what they can explain
A partir de experiencias con estudiantes coreanos en Stanford, describe diferencias en la participación en clase y en la relación con la autoridad. Usa ejemplos y proverbios para mostrar cómo cambian las normas sobre hablar, callar y destacar.
Stanford I am a university professor and in that role I have the opportunity to teach students from all over the world many Korean undergraduate students and many Korean graduate students and I've had the opportunity to learn from themabout some of the clashes that they experience when they come from Korea to the United States and let me start by telling you first of all a story of one student who was has been particularly helpful to meand looking at east/west patterns her name was Heejun Kim she came from Seoul to study in Stanford to work on her PhD now like most American professors in my seminars I want the students to contribute I want themto I want them to talk and express their ideas and opinions that's that's what I expect but with hee-jung there was nothing I could do that would get her to contribute to the class I couldn't get her to
raise her hand and talk if I called on her she would look at her hands study the table and she just she just wouldn't contribute even if I said he done next week I'm going to call on youif she still wouldn't say anything so this was challenging to me and one day I noticed on her email there was a proverb by this signature and it said simply the empty carriage rattles the loudest so it tookme a while to understand that I didn't get it at first but then I realized this was he Jung's way of telling the American professor that she thought that very often the people that talk the most have theleast to say so this was fascinating to me and as I as I got to know he junked him better I learned that she had grown up in schools that looked approximately like this these are schools where students
are encouraged to sit calmly with quiet minds to listen to the teacher trying to adjust their thinking to what the teacher is saying trying to absorb as much information as possible and she explained to me about the importanceof hierarchy in Korean culture the importance of of knowing your place she explained this is why it was that she had such difficulty as did many other Asian students of calling the professor me by my first name hazelit took her a very long time to do that and many students couldn't do that and it was just impossible for them and then she went on to explain that it is the same in the classroom when you'relow in the knowledge hierarchy if you're a junior person a student why should you contribute to the class why should you just start talking unless you have a very well-formed thought a very clear idea then and only then
and you're sure that it's right should you raise your hand and if you're not sure that it's right and if you're not sure you are the person that should be contributing it's better to remain silent so this wasmy my first lesson but I realized that he Jung had this experience but many of the other students in my class the students with European American students they had grown up in classrooms that looked more like this theseare classrooms where students are encouraged to put up their hand and to tell their unique ideas to compete with each other to try to argue even with the teacher trying to influence the teacher trying to debate to standout from the other students often in these classrooms students put their hands up even before they know what they're going to say just to put their hand up - to reserve a place and so I began to see
that there were real differences that were underlying these patterns of behavior in my seminar and as I studied more about it with with my colleagues and with students I saw that these differences in classroom behavior reflected some verydeep cultural differences in what is the right way to think to act to feel as a person I saw for example that in the West we say the squeaky wheel gets the grease what does this mean this meansthat the person who makes a lot of noise the person who talks a lot who draws attention to herself is the person that will have power and influence in the East I think you might recognize some version ofthis which is the duck who quacks the most gets shot and this is a very different idea about standing out and drawing attention to yourself it says that drawing attention to yourself being different from others might put you
in quite a vulnerable position and it suggests that maybe maybe that's not always the best thing to do and that's what I want to talk about today I want to show you some generalizations that come from a great
Expone dos grandes modelos culturales de la persona: independencia e interdependencia. Compara valores como unicidad, libertad e igualdad con otros como relación, ajuste y jerarquía, apoyándose en citas antropológicas y en resultados de estudios.
deal of empirical work that we have done in cultural psychology comparing East versus West and I want to talk about where these differences come from how culture shapes these differences in ways of being a person and then Iwant to talk about how some of these differences relate to being happy and to having a good life so let me summarize a lot of this work through a few quizzes I'll start with this one okay so thisis a quiz for you so you have to participate it's a test so suppose I offer you a handful of pens five pens and I say please take one as a gift and there are four of one colorsay orange and one of another color say green so let me see a show of hands how many people would say they want the orange pen the one that's in the majority let me see a show of hands
here raise your hand high so I can't see too well but I want to get an estimate ok quite a few people say orange okay hands down now let me see a show of hands for how many peoplewill say they want the green pen the one that's unique and in the minority okay there's a lot of people in here that like the unique pen and I'd say about I don't know how about half and halflet me show you what the data show from this study has been done many times what you see is that most of the time once this has been done in East Asia that East Asians this includes Koreans JapaneseChinese many many different samples East Asians tend to say that they would prefer the pen that there is the most of the pen that's in the majority what Americans tend to say no I don't want that pen I
want the one that's distinctive that's the green pen that's the pen that stands out and so I think this looks to be quite a group that likes the distinctive pen as well in here tonight okay so that's onequiz now we got another quiz we'll see how you do on that this is another one okay your house is on fire I'm sorry now you come home and your house is on fire and inside the house isyour mother and your spouse okay and it's very serious fire you can only have time to save one person you can't save them both you can't say you're going to save them both so this is a hard questionit's been the subject of quite a few studies in psychology now let me see a show of hands for people who would save their mother let me hands up I think I think I think I see a large
majority okay hands down let me see how many would save their spouse there's some but minority okay what you see and these data are from a large number of studies done in Taiwan that the Taiwanese response is savethe mother and the Chinese respondents tell us it's obvious your mother your mother gave you life you must honor your mother your parents they are the beginning of everything they are the start of the world they mean everythingthey say you can always get another spouse
the Americans have quite a different answer to this they say spouse of course spouse spouse is my choice spouse is the reflection of my preference spouse is the person my soulmate the person that I want to make mylife with of course I would choose my spouse so just a very sharp difference in in behavior in this emergency situation I do them to say that how could we put them together the responses that you gave andthe responses that we see and the differences between East and West of course when you're explaining behavior there's multi-multi many factors that explain behavior anyone's behavior but what we see is there's at least one factor that can explainsome of these east/west differences that that gives us a clue to cultural clashes and this first factor I'm going to talk about has to do with how people answer that very important question of what does it mean to
make a good and a right person what should a good person who's doing the right thing what should that person be doing in life this is a big question that people have to answer societies have to answer andwhat we found in comparing East and West is that there are at least two big right answers to these questions they're both right they're both viable answers the both important ways to live they're both important ways for societiesto be organized but in fact they are different and they correspond to east and west let me start over here on the right and let me start with independence and this is a way of answering what is aperson supposed to be doing that's very common in the West and on the left is a way of answering this question that's much more common in the East throughout East Asia now both of these figures show a central
circle which depicts the self surrounded by other circles which are important others in one slice people everywhere are always in interactions with others but it's the nature of the interaction that varies so with independence on the right yousee that there's a sharp boundary a sharp line between the self and others so others are close but they are separate from the self on the left under interdependence what you see is that the the circle of theself is overlapping the circle of others and what's marked here in red what really matters with interdependence is relations with others so people are closer to each other they're tighter with each other and being a person involves connectingto others adjusting to others relating to others looking again on the right here with independence what we see is that the right way the culturally appropriate and normative answer for how to be a person in many places in
the West particularly in the United States people should feel somewhat separate somewhat different somewhat unique from others this is the preference for uniqueness that that we see in much of the West we also see that they should beas part of being a the right kind of person they should be trying to influence others and influence the world and the way to influence others is often through talking through expressing your ideas through your opinions to communicatingthem to others next in the list people should be free free means free from history free from tradition free free from circumstance free from place they should not be too influenced by these things they should be relatively freeof those influences and finally instead of an emphasis on hierarchy and knowing your place in the hierarchy and and fitting in as is common and must-have eats East Asia in the in the West particularly in the United States
there's a lot of talk about equality and people being equal and being worried about being equal and people feel that they're equal if not better to others in many cases on the left with interdependence you see that thingsare are really quite a bit different the focus is on maintaining relationships keeping one's relationships in good shape being aware of the ways in which you are connected to others and similar to others adjusting fitting in with theimportant others in one's life meeting their expectations meeting their obligations following your various norms that are important in certain situations being very aware that you were not free but instead rooted in history rooted in place in circumstance intradition that these matter to who you are and finally this awareness that we've talked about awareness of hierarchy and where you stand in various hierarchies is an important thing to being the right kind of person in the society
these are words from an American anthropologist that in words rather than a graph tries to summarize this person says Plath the American cultural nightmare is that the individual throb of growth will be sucked dry in slavish social conformityall life long our central struggle is to defend the individual from the collective now this is a little bit extreme but it does give you a sense of an underlying American idea of a worry about too much influencefrom other people and trying to be somewhat free from them this is a pervading sense that helps people understand about Americans that's why America the norm for Americans is not to follow the norm in many cases they oftenare trying to be different or distinctive this is a quote from a Japanese anthropologist and once again the Japanese are not the Koreans but from my American perspective I see some similarity she writes the social self does not
exist without the social other the social self is always dialogic Lee defined in terms of the social other in a given social context and then she goes on to say and what I think is a very good phraseis that a lone individual who must pour his own sake is on the verge of becoming a non-self so this is once again an extreme statement from an anthropologist but it gives an idea of the importance of theother in producing the person and it's really quite a different idea from from the American idea so Universal we need other people but it's the nature of our relationships with the others that is subtle but can be powerfullydifferent
Explica de dónde vienen estas ideas a través del ciclo cultural: ideas, instituciones e interacciones. Compara filosofía, iglesias y mensajes institucionales en Estados Unidos y Corea para mostrar cómo la cultura moldea la forma de ser.
so now I want to talk about where do these different theories of the self come from where do we get these different ideas I think most people recognize that how we dress and how we eat and and howwe celebrate and how we worship most people understand that those are cultural but what cultural psychologists are working to explain is that the way we think and feel and act is also very cultural not separate from culture soI want to talk then about a comparison between West and East I want to continue with it and I want to explain why we see these differences between the East and the West and they want to go throughthe culture cycle and give you some examples here now East Asian culture cycles then emphasize interdependence European American culture cycles tend to emphasize independence that's why we see these different theories about how to be a person so let
me start first with the ideas level these are these big pervasive ideas that are everywhere in our world if we start and the American experience you'll see that American ideas of what it means to be a good personare very rooted in Western analytic philosophy this is Descartes his answer to hell it would be a person was or what's the right way he said the person I am my thoughts I think they for therefore I amhe had a very direct answer to what it means to be a person I am a thinking person this was the first principle of his philosophy Descartes claimed that no one could doubt it it was it was yourthoughts that defined who you are if we look to some way equally foundational for East Asia you would say Confucius What did he say he said filial piety is the root of all virtue that's a very different answer
a foundational idea to what matters most in defining a person you can imagine that people who have this in their tradition of filial piety honoring the parents those who have come before them those who have given them lifemight say that they would rescue their mother if the house was on fire you know it's it's not surprising where these ideas come from moving next to the next level of the culture cycle the institution level that theinstitution we see courts and press and military we see churches I thought that I would look at churches to look at differences institutional differences between Korea and the u.s.churches are very important powerful institutions these days in both places Christian churches are very important and growing in both the US and Korea and from the outside Christian churches look quite similar in Texas the Lakewood Church it's one
of these huge mega churches you can look inside the church and you see that it's like a concert hall it's very much like this and it's filled this way every week this churches is growing in the American Churchyou can see that people grow in any kind of dress they go so they can be their own person they can be comfortable it's very very relaxed but very important here's a church here in Seoul I don't knowif some of you know this church this is also a huge mega church and when you look inside this church you see something that looks quite similar you only see part of it looks to my eyes quite similarto the American mega church one important difference you can see as people are dressed a little more nicely here but of course that's that's expected in this society just as it's expected to dress any old way you want
in in the u.s.but still it would seem to an observer like these churches or churches you know big Christian churches huge churches growing in both places a recent study looked at the mission statements of these churches tried to see what thechurches were trying to do as they were promoting Christianity and here you see some very big differences among something that seems similar so in the United States the churches are emphasizing bettering the self a great focus on theself on growing and maturing in your own thinking your own spiritual life and letting people know that they are loved and accepted by Christ so you see this in their mission statements and you see this in the programmingthis is from people who analyze many many products from the church this the South Korean churches are actually quite different in their emphasis although from the outside they look similar they say that's most important is to find growing
and forming a loving fellowship among people spending time in social activities with others and praying together and celebrating as a community there's very little of this kind of talk in the American church statements so once you see yousee that these two institutions are sending messages about the right way to to be a person different messages in both cases while they are pursuing Christianity so now let me turn to the interactions level interactions are what make
Analiza anuncios, redes sociales y estudios cerebrales para mostrar cómo los productos culturales refuerzan distintas formas de pensar y actuar. También compara lo que estadounidenses y coreanos consideran importante en la vida, destacando diferencias en familia, logros y actividades.
up our daily life interactions with others interactions with our devices interactions with our social media in every possible way in much of the work in cultural psychology we look at the cultural products what it is that people arespending their time with because these products convey ideas about the right way to be a person they're they're very powerful in this for example we often look at advertisements if you're a company and you want to advertise yourproduct you want to associate your product with ideas that people in those in the various cultural settings feel are the right ideas let me give you a few examples of things at the interaction level so you can seethese differences east and west let me start with this is a poster from a school on the Stanford campus it says what dare to be different being different is good this is a Dalmatian who has different color spots
this is very common poster that you see in the elementary school my students tell me that this is an unusual sort of idea thinking that difference is good and they explained to me that in the Korean language theword for being wrong to Leda is often used to mean different in the Korean language so wrong and different go together good and different go together in the American context let me show you this is a show youto Samsung ads this is one this is the Korean ad and in this ad this the one woman on the right she's hoping to go on a trip with her boyfriend but the boyfriend calls and cancels at thelast minute so they decide it's much more fun to be together to eat a meal together to then to go with the boyfriend anyway so it's a lot of emphasis on the relationship among the two women and it's
it's more fun than than anything else so the woman is not disappointed and let me show you just a little bit from the American phone ad
this is for the new Apple phone
so you can see that ad goes on but it's all focused on her and you see her the whole the whole time just her close up just the individual the Korean ads almost always show people in relationship toother people they show the whole group this is once again an example of cultural products that are subtly sending messages about the right way to be it's not that anyone's thinking oh this is a message about the rightway to be but they are shaping us in many ways let me show you a recent study from Professor Nam where he's in the audience someplace I saw him over there this is a great study looking at Facebookwho's one of these one of the products that really shapes us and what it shows is that the Asians compared to the Americans and you can see that the Asians give more likes which is commenting on other people's
products than they do status update status updates is when you're talking about yourself and you can see that for the Americans they give a lot of likes but they give just as many status updates they're telling the worldabout themselves so wherever you look in our world of cultural products you can see these differences that promote different ideas about how to be a person so what I want to say is all these layers four layers ofthe culture together are working to create the differences now final level the individual level let me show you some differences in individual thoughts feelings and actions this was a study from Shiwei Han who looked at people brains whenthey were answering questions about their mother and when they were answering questions about themselves and what you see from the top panel is that the same area of the brain lights up for Chinese when they're talking about their
mother and when they're talking about themselves for Americans there different patterns different areas and are active when they are thinking about themselves and thinking about the mother it's a reflection in the brain that these are separate so allof this data comes together to help us understand why these differences that we see in our behavior are here as here as well in our in our physiological functioning as well as you would expect if we see thedifferences in behavior let me show you another individual pattern of response not at the brain level but when we ask people what's most important to you and you will see this is the American responses the Americans say familythis is open-ended data they say health and they say their activities whether it's swimming or golfing or going to movies activities are most important to them when you ask Koreans they say different patterns of response what's the number
one child's achievement is the number one what is important to you in your life then they say family but they say family harmony and then they say health but family health so a focus on the family this studywas first done nearly 20 years ago been redoing the study and it's almost the identical pattern of behavior with the Korean respondents telling us that it is child's achievement that's still important so despite all of the changes thatwe see you see some ongoing real continuities so you see it's quite a different idea of what it what it means to to be happy
Se centra en la felicidad y en cómo se expresan las emociones en Oriente y Occidente. Contrasta la sonrisa amplia estadounidense con la sonrisa calmada asiática y explica distintas actitudes ante las emociones negativas.
so now I want to turn in my last few minutes here I want to talk a little bit more about health and happiness in the good life so let me just show you some of these differences that we'velooked at and our colleagues have looked at that that show the difference between happiness east and west now these once again are looking at cultural products and if you see these two different magazine covers they're both models bothbeautiful but look at their smiles and you can see that this is work from colleague Jeannie Tsai and her lab and what you see is in the West and their lab has measured the size of smiles and manydifferent cultural products you have a very big wide smile in the West here in Korea you also have a smile but it's it's really a calm smile compared to the excited smile of the Americans here's another example of
this calm smile similarity beautiful women but look at how you differences in how you display a good a good feeling a good way of being some some sense of being happy so we have to ask ourselves what's ina smile and from lots of work we can see that for East Asians small calm smile seemed to be the right way why because this seems to suggest stability calmness allows people to attend to others feelings which ofcourse is the right thing that you should be doing if you have an interdependent self if you have a big smile that's good from an American perspective because a big smile seems to equal happiness happiness if you showwith a big smile it suggests that you have positive feelings inside you and you're showing them you're expressing them through your smile and if you're smiling you're happy it means you're doing the right thing from an American perspective
in which you are living your life well they're this big smile signals that you're a successful person it conveys this to others so from many perspectives in the world it's like why are Americans have that big sappy smileon their face all the time what does that mean this is what it means this also means that because you should be so positive from an American perspective to conveyed other people that you have good internal features andthat you are a good person you should at all costs try to avoid negativity in East Asia you know because of us understanding that the light and the dark are braided together that the good and the bad arebraided together there's a much greater understanding that negative feelings are also part of life they're not your fault they come and go with the after the good comes the bad they're intertwined elements of a natural cycle so it's
very important that when negative feelings come you bear them you hold on to them maybe you suppress them but it's okay to have negative feelings it's expected it's natural and the American view you should try whatever you canto get to get rid of them these are two really powerful differences in how we approach happiness and here's example once the American student saying something that's very common I try to feel happy every day I hate beingsad or frustrated it's so much harder to get through the day with these negative feelings Americans really try to get them away this is a Chinese student says something that's more common from in the East which is it'simpossible to be happy forever I think it lice is sometimes up and down I want to have both balanced situations and balanced sadness and happiness this recognition that harmony between the two you should expect to both it is
Muestra cómo estas diferencias afectan la amistad, la escuela, el trabajo, la medicina y el liderazgo. Luego ofrece consejos para navegar conflictos culturales combinando interdependencia e independencia según la situación.
part of life so to end now I want to talk about the fact that these cultural clashes that we have they can make a huge difference for our behavior in the world they can make a difference for whetheryou make a friend they can make a difference for whether you're treated poorly in school or at work for how teachers evaluate students if they don't understand as I started the difference in hee Jun Kim's behavior and otherstudents they can make a difference for how that student the students experience they make a difference in in medicine for how doctors respond patients they make a difference for who gets hired in the world and who gets promotedfor whether business is done or not and very importantly for how our world leaders respond to each other so in the in the East for example people people in the East in the West and this is very much
my experience in Silicon Valley that people of Asian heritage they dominate the highest-paying fastest-growing industries in the u.s.particularly in technology many Asian people many many Asian people yet what we find in the US is that East Asians crash into what we call the bamboo ceiling and you ask you know why is this why don't wesee Asians at the top levels in the at the level of the Chairman or vice chairman or the high levels and when you ask Americans in those levels they say hmm they just don't know how to be leadersAsian people or they say they don't have executive presence what does that mean they don't have executive presence that means they don't have an independent self because from American perspective you know that's the the right kind of selfto have so this clash comes about because Americans look at East Asians and they say you know the Americans smile and talk a lot and then they see Asians who seem quiet and what they think are unexpressive and
then they think if you're unexpressive you probably don't have any ideas you probably don't have much not much going on inside so I think once we see these kinds of differences we can ask ourselves how can we possiblybridge these these differences that we say and we can think about changing our culture cycles we can talk and this is advice that I give in the United States the first thing we can do at an institutional levelis promote Asians into leadership positions you can recognize and represent the important contributions of Asians to American companies you can provide employees with a range of ways of expressing their ideas if talking in a meeting is not theway that's comfortable you can provide other ways to do it and finally you kind of respect expressive and emotional diversity I think that's one of the most powerful things that we can do from recognizing cultural differences is respect
that there are different ways of being and find ways in our settings to allow these to be expressed and in conclusion I want to just sum up with which what I've said here is that culture cycles of Independencepromote a focus on the individual and on the individuals preferences and choices and I'm being different and on positive feelings and excitement culture cycles of interdependence more common in East Asia promote a focus on relationships on adjusting tosituations on balance of positive and negative on being calm both are good answers to how to be a person they both have their upsides and their downsides my own answer for how to thrive in the multicultural world isto be aware of these two ways of being as much as possible try to figure out ways to be both of these ways to be both independent and interdependent depending on where you are in the situation in case
of a clash which is going to be common I suggest that we assume that the other person you're dealing with or even with yourself don't assume there's something a matter with the personality don't assume it's a personality conflictinstead consider differences in the culture cycle that might have shaped that person and lead with interdependence this is where East Asians have the advantage very practice and interdependence interdependence means what do you do you pay attention and youlisten first before you talk I think that's a very good way to start to analyze or or begin solving a conflict how to be how to be interdependent this is for the Americans listen before speaking emphasize your similaritieswith others rather than how to be unique rather than you know throwing a lot of choices at people try to anticipate and meet their needs I've had a wonderful three days here people are anticipating my every need they're
thinking what would be nice and giving it to me it's very pleasant focus on building positive and supportive relationships put relationships first these are all sort of characteristics of interdependence that I think people in East Asia have morefamiliarity with people in the West can learn this as well there are many situations where they need to be interdependent then how to be independent this is something that everyone in the modern world needs to know as wellI think because we need both of these ways of being speak up first role express your unique qualities and opinions as best as you can consider each of your actions a choice this is a very independent American wayeverything you're doing is not an obligation is not an expectation think about it as a choice assert yourself concentrate on your own goals it doesn't mean that you're being a selfish going your own way person it can mean
that but it doesn't have to be that and then finally assume that you have as much authority as anyone else so this is a different way not a hierarchical way of thinking it's a focus on on equality somesituations call for this not all of them so that I want to thank you for your patience and attention
En la sesión de preguntas, responde sobre cómo promover cambios culturales en sociedades jerárquicas y cómo apoyar estilos de vida más independientes. Reafirma que reconocer otras formas de ser es el primer paso para convivir mejor.
as you know for sure there is a huge individual variation in self view right right within even one culture per se in Korea in the cultural level we are living in the interdependent society but some people are soindependent while other people are interdependent right so I can see that we are changing as well so more people getting to be independent these days but the problem is that a culture is not changing as much as weexpecting because culture is more powerful than individual so we love to change but culture doesn't change because institution idea is it difficult to change so my question is that do you have any specific recommendation and the tips wehave to follow to have a cultural change in time your matter well that's that's a very challenging a good question but I think in a hierarchical society it's very important that change begin at the top and I would
say that for leaders who can see that it would be useful for change to occur that they could serve as role models I think in the United States Steve Jobs and Bill Gates have served very powerful role modelsthey didn't finish college but then they went on to change the world through their inventions and so people follow them even many students don't want to go to college they just want to start building a successful business Ithink in Korea if leaders would start to make some changes and I think some changes might be to flatten the hierarchy it's hard in a hierarchical society but some flattening so that there's more chance for subordinates to makecontributions to express their voices a little bit more openness those those changes could occur I see them I see them occurring and I also think that in families and in schools parents can work to encourage some more expression
of people's ideas and opinions in American schools children from preschool they learn to give a presentation to stand on the stage and they bring their favorite toy and explain why it's important to the class so I think it'sit's possible for there to be change I I think in this society that it needs to begin with with with people in power but also like they candlelight protests people can also make change themselves if start from thetop from the bottom as well you might suggest top and bottom
or Twitter go commando gonna the commander's hung in with this all kingdoms we take some vacation even codeine yo trombone durante tokens to meet one I'm a detective Espada I would say that your experiences is a common experienceI recognize it myself from so I the problem well and I think the answer is to do what you have done to go on your own but to also find other people that can support you in a moreindependent way of being a more independently it's definitely not it's definitely not an easy thing to do but just recognizing that this is another good way of being it's not wrong or it's not a problem with you isis the first step and then of course as we were saying before to the extent that you are successful or produce something positive we'll notice that